Kunzwisisa Purogiramu Yezvinhu
Mepu
Nzira yakakosha yekunyorwa kwehurumende ndiyo mepu. Mepu inotarisana nemhepo yezvivako zvemuviri, zvinyorwa zvemutemo zvinoshandiswa, mitsara yemigwagwa, nzvimbo yekugadzirisa nzvimbo uye miganhu yepfuma munzvimbo inenge yapiwa. Pakati pese, kune marudzi maviri emapa data: zviripo uye zvinorongwa. Mune mapepa emamiriro ezvinhu ndeyezvinyorwa zvepamutemo zvezvose zvinowanikwa mumiganhu uye zvivako munzvimbo yakasarudzwa. Inowanzosimbiswa neongororo yakasimba / boka uye ruzivo rwunoratidzwa pamepu hunotsigirwa rwakarurama neUnited Land Surveyor. Mepu inorongedzwa inowanzoputirwa pamusoro peimwe mapeji ekuongororwa kuti aratidze nzvimbo dzekuvakwa patsva / kugadzirisa uye kuchinja kwakakodzera kune izvo zviripo izvo basa rakarongwa richabatanidzwa.
Iko "sachigaro" iripo inoshandiswa uchishandisa kukohwa kwemashoko ekutora ayo anotorwa nevashandi vekuongorora vari mumunda. Nheyo imwe neimwe ine zvikamu zvishanu zvematare: Point Number, Northing, Easting, Z-elevation, uye Tsanangudzo (PNEZD). Nhamba yenhamba inoparadzanisa pfungwa imwe neimwe, uye Northing / Easting maitiro ndiwo mapurisa eCallesian mune imwe nzvimbo yemepu (ndege yenyika somuenzaniso) inoratidza chaizvoizvo munyika chaiyo iyo inopfurwa yakatorwa. Iko "Z" kukosha ndiko kukwirira kwedenga iri pamusoro apa nzvimbo yakatarwa, kana kuti "datum" iyo inotarirwa kushandurwa. Semuenzaniso, iyo datum inogona kugadzirirwa zero (gungwa rezinga), kana kuti inofungidzirwa kuti datum (yakadai sheyo yezvivakwa) inogona kupiwa nhamba dzisingashanduki (kureva 100) uye kukwirira kwemashoko kunotorwa maererano neizvozvo. Kana iyo inofungidzira kuti datum ye100 inoshandiswa uye imwe pfungwa inotorwa pazasi yepuroni yemigwagwa inoverengwa se 2.8 'pasi peyero iyo, "Z" kukosha kwechokuita ndeye 97.2. Iyo Tsanangudzo yenhamba yepfungwa inotsanangurwa inoreva chinhu chiri kuongororwa: kona yekuvaka, pamusoro pekubata, pasi pemadziro, nezvimwewo.
Aya mazano anounzwa kuCAD / Design software uye akabatanidzwa, achishandisa 3D mitsara, kuti aite Digital Terrain Model (DTM), iyo 3D inomiririra mamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino. Kugadzira uye ruzivo rwekugovera zvingabva zvabudiswa kubva mumufananidzo iwoyo. 2D mutsara webasa, zvakadai sekuvaka zvinyorwa, mavharesi, mabhazi, nezvimwe zvakaswededzwa kuronga hurongwa, uchishandisa ruzivo rwehutano kubva pane zvakarongwa. Kutakura / kurega kwezvikwata zvose zvepfuma zvinowedzerwa pamusasa, uyewo nezvekupa nzvimbo yepini dzose / markers uye chero kodzero dzakadaro-dze-nzira, nezvimwewo.
Basa rakagadzirirwa yemamapa mitsva rinowanikwa pamusoro pekopi yepasimap iripo. Zvose zvivako zvitsva, hukuru hwavo uye nzvimbo, kusanganisira zviyero kusvika kumiganhu yepasipo uye zvipfeko zvinotorwa se 2D line work. Zvimwe zvekugadzirwa kwemashoko zvinowanzowedzerwa kune aya mamarita, akadai seChiratidzo, Kutora, Kurondedzera, Zvinyorwa zveLoti, Zvigadziriswa, Sight Triangles, Easements, Roadway Stationing, nezvimwewo.
Topography
Zvirongwa zvepaTorographics zvakare zvinosarudzwa mune zviripo / mazano akarongwa. Topography inoshandisa mashizha, nzvimbo dzakakwirira, uye zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyorwa nepamusoro-soro (zvakadai seFinish Floor of a Building) kuratidzira zviyero zvitatu zvenzvimbo chaiyo yepasi pano pakurongwa kwe 2D kuronga. Chinhu chikuru chekufananidzira ichi ndiyo mutsetse wepamberi. Mitsara yemakwikwi inoshandiswa kuunganidza huwandu hwemashoko pamepu ayo ose akaenzana. Vanowanzogadzirirwa kusvika kune dzimwe nguva, (sa1 ', kana kuti' ') kuitira kuti, kana zvinyorwa, zvive zvakakurumidza kuratidzwa zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo yakakwirira yepamusoro inokura kumusoro / pasi uye chii chakasimba chekutsika. Mitsara yakaswedera pamwe chete inoratidza kuchinja kwekukurumidza kwekumusoro, asi avo vari kure zvakasimudzira kuchinja zvishoma. Iyo yakakura mapepa, iyo huru iyo nguva iripo pakati pemitambo inogona kunge iri. Somuenzaniso, mepu inoratidza iyo yose yenyika yeNew Jersey haizove yakaratidza 1 'zvinguva zvenguva; mitsara ingadai yava pedyo zvikuru zvokuti yaizoita kuti mepu irege kuverengwa.
Zvingava zvakanyanya kuitika kuona 100 ', zvichida kunyange mazana mashanu' emativi mukati memapupu akawandisa. Nezvikamu zviduku, zvakadai sekusimudzirwa kwekugara, 1 'zvinyorwa zvenguva ndezvimwe.
Mitsara inoratidzira mitsara yakadzika yematope panguva dzakasiyana asi iyo haisi nguva dzose shanduro yakarurama yezvinhu zviri pasi. Chirongwa chacho chinogona kuratidza kupesana kukuru pakati pe 110 uye 111 miganhu yenzira uye iyo inomirira mutsetse wakasimba kubva kune rumwe rutivi kusvika kune inotevera, asi nyika chaiyo inowanzove yakanyarara. Icho chinonyanya kuvepo kune zviduku zviduku uye kuvhara pakati pezvinyorwa zviviri, izvo zvisingasimuki / kuwira kumativi ekukwirira. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinomiririrwa kushandisa "nzvimbo yakakwirira". Ichi chiratidzo chekufananidzira (kazhinji chiri nyore X) nekumusoro kunobatanidzwa kwakanyorwa pairi. Chimbofungidzira kuti kune nzvimbo yakakwirira yebasa rakaoma mukati me 110 and 111 contours ine kukwira kwe 110.8; "nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro" chiratidzo chinoiswa uye chakanyorwa pane iyo nzvimbo. Nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzinoshandiswa kupa humwe huwandu hunonzi topographic pakati pezvipfeko, uyewo pamakona ezvimwe zvivako (kuvaka, mvura inoputika, nezvimwewo)
Imwe miitiro inowanikwa pamapopu ekunyora mapepa (kunyanya mapepa anofungidzirwa) ndeyekuisa "rutsoka rwenzira" pane nzvimbo dzinoda kusangana nemhando yekodzero yekugadzira. Miseve inotenderera inoratidza mutungamiri uye chikamu chekutsetseka pakati pemapandi maviri. Iwe unowanzoshandisa izvi kune motokari, kuratidzira kuti chikamu chekutsetsereka kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi chinosangana nemirairo ye "walkable" yemitemo inodzora.
Roadway
Nzira dzekugadzira migwagwa dzakatanga kusimbiswa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvekufambisa kwepaiti yacho pamwe chete nezvinodikanwa zvehutano hwekuvaka. Semuenzaniso, kana uchigadzira nzira yekugadzirisa nzvimbo, nzvimbo inogadziridzwa kuti iwedzere dzimba dzinovakwa mukati mewebsite yepamusoro asi ichiri kuenderana nezvinodiwa nemutemo. Kufambisa kwemigwagwa, ukuru hwemarara, kudikanwa kwekudzivirira / kumigwagwa, etc. Zvose zvinotungamirirwa nehurongwa, asi nzvimbo chaiyo yemugwagwa inogona kugadziriswa kune zvido zvesaiti. Izvo zvinotanga kuburikidza nekugadzira mugwagwa unotarisana neumwe humwe humwe huvakwa huchavakwa. Kuronga kunofambidzana nepakati pepakati, zvakadai sehurefu hwemitsetse yakakosha, inoda kuverengwa zvichienderana nekutonga zvinhu zvakadai semugwagwa wemotokari, inoda kudarika kure uye kutarisa zviso zvemufambisi. Kana izvi zvakati zvatemwa uye nzvimbo yakagadzirwa nemugwagwa yakagadzirirwa muurongwa, zvinhu zvakadai sokugadzirisa, magwagwa emigwagwa, zvipingamupinyi, uye kodzero-dze-nzira zvinogona kushandiswa uchishandisa mirairo iri nyore yokugadzirisa kuisa mararamiro ekutanga.
Mune zvimwe zvakaoma kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, unofanirwa kuongorora zvinhu zvakadai sekusimudza zvakakomberedza mazamu, kupinduka kwemugwagwa uye mararamiro emadziro, uye kushandiswa kwemagetsi kunotarisana pamisangano uye pa / kurega mafambiro. Zvakawanda zvekuita izvi zvinoda kutora chikamu chekutsetsereka pamwe chete nechepakati nehuwandu hwemigwagwa.
Drainage
Pakupera kwezuva, zvose zvakagadziriswa zvehurumende zvinonyanya kuronga kutenderera kwemvura. Zvose zvinogadzirisa zvinhu zvinopinda munzvimbo yakazara-shanduro dzose dzinofanirwa pamusoro pekudiwa kuchengetedza mvura kubva pakuyerera kuenda neku / kana kufungisisa munzvimbo dzinogona kukuvadza nzvimbo yako uye panzvimbo iyo kuitungamirira kunzvimbo dzaunogadzirira kuti mvura yekusvitsa dutu. Nzira dzakajairika dzekuchera mvura ndeyekushandiswa kwemvura inopinza mvura: pasi pezvigadziro zvepasi uye masaga akazaruka anobvumira mvura kupinda mukati mavo. Zvisungo zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nemapapu emhando dzakasiyana-siyana nemitemo kuti zvigadzire ruzivo rwemvura inobvumira mugadziri kuti atarisire muyero, uye kuyerera kwemaji, emvura yakaunganidzwa uye kuitungamirire kune mabheji ekuunganidza mahara, maitiro emagetsi evanhu varipo, kana iripo mvura yakasviba. Nzvimbo dzinowanzoshandiswa pakugadzira dzimba dzinonzi Tipe B uye Type E inlets.
Tora B Inlets : inoshandiswa mumigwagwa yakakomberedzwa, ine shongwe yesimbi yakasvibira iyo inopinda zvakananga mumucheka uye kabati rinogara richikwira nepamusoro pepasi. Mugwagwa wemugwagwa unotungamirirwa kubva korona yemugwagwa (centralline) kusvika kumakona uye mumvura yakatsetseka inotambanudzirwa kuB-Inlet. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mvura inoyerera ichibva pakati pegwagwa, kusvika kumiganhu kune rumwe rutivi, iyo inofamba ichifamba pamwe chete nemakumbo.
Tora E Inlets : zvinonyanya kukonzera mabhokisi ane gorofu grate pamusoro. Iyo inoshandiswa kunyanya munzvimbo dzakapoteredza uko kusina kuvhara kwekutonga mvura kunyura, zvakadai sekupaka nzvimbo kana masango. Nzvimbo yakashama yakagadzirirwa kuitira kuti pane E-Inlets pamatunhu akakwirira mune zvinyorwa zvepamusoro, apo mvura yose inowanzobuda. Mumamiriro ekupaka, kubata kwakanyatsogadziriswa nemugwagwa nemumupata, kutungamirira nzvimbo dzose kumatunhu.
Kunze kwekutonga nzvimbo inoputika, muumbi anofanirwa kubvunzurudza kuti mvura yakawanda inogona kuunganidzirei mune imwe nzvimbo yekutengesa mvura uye pamutengo wei ichayerera kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yekupedzisira. Izvo zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwemahombe uye pipe sizing, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwematope pakati pezvivako zvinodzora kuti nokukurumidza mvura ichayerera sei mumutambo. Muchidimbu chemvura yakasviba, iyo inowedzera mhepo yakatsetseka yepombi, iyo inokurumidza kupinda mvura ichibva kune chimiro kusvika pakugadzirwa. Saizvozvowo, iyo yakakura kukura kwepombi, iyo yakawanda mvura iyo inogona kubatwa mukati memapombi asati yatanga kuwedzeredza mambure uye kudzoka mumigwagwa. Paunenge uchigadzirisa hurongwa hwemvura, nzvimbo yekuunganidza (yakawandisa nzvimbo yakananga inounganirwa mune imwe gorosi) inodawo kunyatsofungidzirwa. Nzvimbo dzisingakanganwiki, dzakadai semigwagwa uye nzvimbo dzekupaka, zvinowanzoita kuti zvirwere zviwedzere kudarika nzvimbo dzinosvikika dzakadai semasango, apo seepage inokonzera chikamu chikuru chekudzora mvura. Iwe unofanirwawo kufungisisa nzvimbo dzekuchera kwezvivakwa zvekare uye zvikamu uye uone kuti chero kuchinjwa kwehutano hwavo kunofanirwa pane zvaunenge uchida kuronga.
Munoona? Hapana chinhu chingave chinotyisa, kungwara kwakangwara chete kunoshandiswa kune zvinodikanwa zveCAD design world. Unofungei: yakagadzirira kudonha munyika yeCAD yevanhu zvino?