Iri glosari rinoshandisa mashoko edzidziso uye zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa pamhando dzose dzezvinyorwa. Iyo haina kusanganisira mazwi chaiwo kune dzimwe shanduro kana zvinyorwa.
ACID
Iko muenzaniso we ACID wekugadzirisa dhesikisi inosimudzira kutendeseka kwe data kuburikidza neatomicity , kusagadzikana , kusarura, nekugara kwenguva refu:
- Atomicity: Nhamba yega yega yekutengeserana inofanirwa kutevera mutemo wose-kana-pasina, zvinoreva kuti kana chikamu chipi zvacho chekutengesa chikakundikana, mutengesi wose unokundikana.
- Kubatana : Nhamba yega yega yekutengesa mabhuku inofanirwa kutevera mitemo yese yakatsanangurwa; chero shanduro iyo inopesana nemitemo iyi haibvumirwi.
- Isolation : Nhamba yega yega yekutengeserana ichaitika zvisingabatsiri kune imwe nzira. Semuenzaniso, kana kutengesa kakawanda kuendeswa panguva imwe chete, dhesiyo ichadzivirira kupesana kupi zvako pakati pavo.
- Kugadzikana : Nhamba imwe neimwe yekutengesa mabhuku ichavapo zvachose mune zvakakundikana zvepa database, kuburikidza nekuchengetedza kana dzimwe nzira.
Itai
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinowanikwa pasi pekodzero ndeye chimiro chebhuku re database. Zvimwe chete, chirevo ndicho chinyorwa mufurafura ye database, iyo iyo inozivikanwa sechinhu.
Kutsigira
Databases vanoshandisa kuvimbiswa kuve nechokwadi kuti vese vashandisi vane kodzero vanogona kuwana iyo dhesi kana zvimwe zvinhu zve database. Somuenzaniso, vatungamiri vangave vane kodzero yekuisa kana kuchinja data, asi vashandi vanogara vachigona kungoona chete data. Kutendeseka kunoshandiswa nemazita evanhu nemapepiswedi.
BASE Model
Nzira yeBASE yakagadzirwa seimwe nzira yeAACID muenzaniso kuitira kushanda zvinodiwa neSQL databases umo iyo data haina kuumbwa nenzira imwechete inotarisirwa nedzimwe nhepfenyuro dzehukama. Zvinyorwa zvaro zvekutanga ndezvokuti Basic Availability, Soft State, uye Eventual Consistency:
- Basic Availability : Dhiyabhorosi inowanika uye inoshandiswa, inotsigirwa dzimwe nguva nekudzoka kwezvinyorwa zvakaparadzirwa pane dzimwe sevhisi.
- Soft State : Kurwisana nemuenzaniso we ACID wekusawirirana kwakasimba, iyi tenet inotaura kuti data haisi iwe nguva dzose inofanira kuva yakagadzikana uye kuti chero ipi zvayo inosungirirwa ndiyo inotarisirwa yedhesi yega yega kana wekugadziridza.
- Kuwirirana kwekupedzisira : Pane imwe isina kufanirwa, remangwana remangwana, dhiyabhorosi ichazadzika.
Zvipingamupinyi
Dhigirizhonga yekodhidhi yepamusoro ndiyo imwe yemitemo iyo inotsanangura dheti yakakodzera. Mhando dzakawanda dzezvipingamupinyi zviripo. Zvipingamupinyi chikuru ndezvi:
- Zvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana : Munda unofanira kunge une chinhu chakasiyana-siyana mutafura.
- Chengetedza zvipingamupinyi : Munda unogona kungova nemhando dzakasiyana nedzimwechete uye kunyange humwe unhu hunotenderwa.
- ZVOKUDA ZVINHU ZVINOKOSHA : Munda unenge uine hutengo huripo kana husina hunokosha; izvi zvinoderedza kukosha kweNULL.
- ZVINOKUDZIDZA ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOKUDZIDZA : Chinokosha chikuru chinofanira kuva chakasiyana.
- ZVIMWE ZVINOKUDZIDZA ZVINOKUDZIDZA : Chiyi chekune dzimwe nyika inofanira kufanana nechikona chepo chiripo mune imwe tafura.
Database Management System (DBMS)
DBMS ndiyo software inotarisira zvinhu zvose zvekushanda ne database, kubva pakachengetedza uye kuchengetedza deta kuti ishandise mitemo yekusarurama kwemitemo, kupa mafomu ekupinda kwepadhi uye kushandiswa. A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) inoshandisa muenzaniso wezvematafura uye hukama pakati pavo.
Entity
Chimwe chinhu chinongova tafura mu database. Inotsanangurwa kushandiswa kweChirungu-Relationship Diagram, iyo iri mufananidzo wekufananidzira unoratidza hukama pakati pematafura emadhodhodhe.
Functional Dependency
Basa rinoshanda rekuchengetedzwa kunobatsira kugonesa dhiyabhorosi, uye iripo apo chimwe chiitiko chinogadza kukosha kweumwe, chinotsanangurwa seA -> B iyo inoreva kuti kukosha kweA kunogadza kukosha kweB, kana kuti B "inoshanda zvakakwana" pane A Nemuenzaniso, tafura muunivhesiti iyo inosanganisira zvinyorwa zvevadzidzi vose vangave vane hutano hwakanaka pakati pemudzidzi weChidzidzi uye zita redzidzidzi, kureva kuti mukana wevadzidzi vasiri ivo vanoziva kukosha kwezita racho.
Index
Imwe nhepfenyuro yeruzivo rwemashoko inobatsira mavhesi ezvinyorwa zvemashoko makuru ema datasetsiti. Vashandi vekuchengetedza mabhuku vanogadzira rondedzero yemamwe mapuranga mu tafura. Nhamba yacho inobata zvinyorwa zvinyorwa asi inongorondedzera kune data mune imwe yose yefurafura, uye inogona kutsvakwa zvakanaka uye nokukurumidza.
Key
Chiyi chinhu chinzvimbo chepa database chinangwa chaicho ndechokuita zvakananga zvinyorwa. Nzira dzekubatsira dzinosimudzira kudarika kwe data uye kudzivisa kudzokorora. Mhando dzakakosha dzekiyi dzinoshandiswa mu database dzakagadziriswa zvitsva, zvigadzirwa zvekutanga kune dzimwe nyika.
- Vakakosha zvikomborero : Iti yetimboni dzingave dzese dzinogona kunyanya kureva zvinyorwa uye kubva kune iyo iyoyi yekutanga inosarudzwa.
- Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa : Chiyiyo yakasarudzwa kuti ichinyatsoona nhoroondo mutafura. Ichi kiyi haigoni kuva NULL.
- Zvimwe zvekune imwe nyika : Chiyi chinobatanidza rekodhi kune rekodhi mune imwe tafura. Imwe yecheka chekune imwe nyika inofanira kuvapo seyiyo yekutanga yeimwe tafura.
Normalization
Kuti kuve nekugadzirisa dheedheni ndeyekugadzira matafura ayo (hukama) uye hutatu (zvigadziro) nenzira yekuvimbisa kutendeseka kwe data nekudzivisa kudzokorora. Nheyo dzepamusoro dzekusimudzira ndezvenzira yekutanga yeFomu (1NF), yechipiri yeFomu Yakadzika (2NF), yechitatu yemaFomu Form (3NF) uye Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF).
NoSQL
NoSQL ndeyemhando yepa database yakagadzirwa kuti iite zvinodiwa nekuchengetedza dhesi dzisina kufananidzwa dzakadai seemaimeri, zvinyorwa zvemasangano, zvevhidhiyo kana mifananidzo. Panzvimbo yekushandisa SQL uye yakasimba ACID muenzaniso kuti uone kuti kutendeseka kwe data, NoSQL inotevera musingadaro BASE model. A NoSQL database schema haishandisi matafura kuchengetedza data; pane kudaro, inogona kushandisa kiyi / kukosha kugadzira kana mairafu.
Null
Kukosha NULL kunowanzovhiringidzwa kureva "hapana" kana zero; zvisinei, zvinoreva "zvisingazivikanwi." Kana munda une kukosha kweNULL, iyo inzvimbo yekuchengetedza kwechimwe chinhu chisingazivikanwi. Yakagadziriswa Mutauro Mutauro (SQL) inoshandisa IS IS NULL uye HAIZI NULL vashandi kuti vaongorore mazano mazano.
Query
Tsvakurudzo yevashandisi ndeyekuti vashandi vanobatana sei ne database. Inowanzonyorwa muSQL uye inogona kunge iri imwe sarudzo kana sarudzo yekuita . Tsanangudzo yekutsvaga mhinduro kubva ku database; chiito chekubvunza chinoshandura, kuvandudza kana kuwedzera data. Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinopa mafomu anovanza semantics emubvunzo, achibvumira vashandisi kuti vatsvake nyore nyore ruzivo kunze kwekuti vawane SQL.
Schema
A database sedhem is design of tables, columns, relationships, and constraints that form a database. Schemas inowanzotsanangurwa uchishandisa mushumo weSQL CREATE.
Kuchengetedzwa Kwetsika
Nzira yakachengetwa isati yakagadziriswa mubvunzo, kana sumo yeSQL inogona kugoverwa mukati mezvirongwa zvakawanda nevashandisi mune Database Database System. Kugadziriswa nzira dzinovandudza kubudirira, kubatsira kusimbisa dambudziko rekutsvaga uye kusimbisa chibereko.
Yakarongeka Mutauro Mutauro
Yakagadzirirwa Mutauro Mutauro , kana SQL, ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mutauro kuti uwane deta kubva kune database. Iyo Dhiyabhorosi Dhimiro Mutauro (DML) ine chinyorwa cheSQL mirairo inoshandiswa kakawanda uye inosanganisira SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE uye DELETE.
Trigger
Chigadziro inzira yakachengetwa yakagadzirirwa kuitisa yakapiwa chiitiko chaicho, kazhinji kuchinja kune deta retafura. Semuenzaniso, chinangwa chinogona kugadzirirwa kunyora kugiyo, kuunganidza nhamba kana kuverenga kukosha.
Ona
Dhiyabhorosi inoonekwa ndeyeti yakasarudzwa ye data yakaratidzwa kumushandi wekupedzisira kuitira kuvanza dambudziko rekutsvaga uye kururamisa mukana wevashandi. A maonero anogona kubatanidza dhiyabhorosi kubva kumatafura maviri kana kupfuura uye ane chinyorwa chemashoko.