Shandisa mapupa topo apo unoda kuziva kukwirira
Topographic maps ine mitsara yakazara yakazara inoratidza zvose zvepanyika uye migwagwa yakaitwa nevanhu uye zvivako. Izvo zvakasiyana nemarudzi akawanda emaruta nokuti anoratidza kukwirira, asi ane zvimwe zvinhu zvose zvaunowana pamamapa zvinosanganisira rondedzero, chikero uye kumusoro-kutarisa museve. Topographic maps inowanzobatanidzwa nemaoko GPS, maikirwo emitambo uye fitness GPS uye ma-smartphone. Topographic maps mumapepa avo emapuranga ave achishandiswa kwemakore mazhinji uye ndeyekutanga kwevanhu kunze, vagadziri vemaguta uye avo vanofanirwa kunzwisisa nheyo dzenyika yezvinangwa zvebhizimisi.
Topographic Maps Show Kureva neConour Lines
Paunotarisa pamepu, unotarisa zvakananga pane imwe nharaunda yePasi, saka zvakaoma kuziva kushanduka kwekumusoro. Nzvimbo dzepaTorographic mapaundi dzinoshandisa mitsara yekutenderera kuratidza kukwirira. Mutsara wega wega uri pamepu unobatanidza pfungwa dzine uwandu hwakaenzana. Panofungidzira, kana iwe ukatevera mutsara mumwe chete wepakati, unofamba nekukwirira kwakafanana kwose kwose kusvikira iwe uchidzoka paunotangira. Mitsara yepikano inotevera zvimwe zvinoda, kusanganisira:
- Nzvimbo imwe neimwe iri pamuganhu wechitsuwa ine kukwirira kwakafanana.
- Mutsara wekukwikwidza unoita chimiro chakavharwa.
- Mitsara inopikisa haigone kuyambuka.
Nhamba duku inowanikwa mune dzimwe mitsetse dzinoratidza kukwirira pamusoro pegungwa. Mamwe mapuwa emaodzanyemba eUnited States anoratidza kukwirira mumakumbo, asi vamwe vanoratidzira mumamita. Zvisinei, haisi mitsetse yose yakasanganiswa neinoverengeka. Muchiitiko ichi, iwe unofanirwa kuziva rutivi rwepakati kuti uone kukwirira kweimwe mitsara.
Tsanangudzo yeKutsvaga Kwenguva
Paunotarisa chikamu chemitsara yepepuru pamapu, unoona kuti inoita seyakaparadzaniswa panguva dzisina kufanira, asi pane tsanangudzo inonzwisisika. Izvo zvakaparadzana pazvikamu zvinoshanduka sezvo kukwirira kuri kuchinja. Iwe unofanirwa kuziva rutivi rwepakati kuti unoshandure kuchinja kwekumusoro pakatarisa pamepu. Kuti uone nguva yakapetwa:
- Tsvaga mitsara miviri yakakanganiswa pamapu ayo akanyorwa nepamusoro-soro uye ane rimwe kana kuti mamwe maitiro asina kukodzera pakati pavo.
- Bvisa nhamba yepamusoro yekumusoro yakadhindwa pane imwe mutsara wepakati kubva kune nhamba huru pane imwe mhirizhonga isingaverengeki.
- Gurai mugumisiro nehuwandu hwemitsara isina kufanira pakati pavo kuti vasvike panguva yakatarisana.
Semuenzaniso, kana iwe une mitsetse miviri yakave yakanyorwa 30 ne40 mamita nemutsara wekusaita usina kubhakwa pakati pavo, muganhu wepakati uri mamita mashanu. Kukwidziridza chero ipi zvayo pamusoro pechipfuva chisina kuvharwa chiri mamita makumi matatu. Kukosha kwemukati wepakati kunoramba kuripo nguva dzose pamativi ose pamapu.
Iwe haunzwisisike kuona mutsara mumwe chete wepakati kunze kwepakadzika nzvimbo. Kana kuwedzera kukurumidza kukwidziridzwa kwekukwirira kuripo, mitsara inowedzera yakadikanwa inofanirwa kuenzanisa kuchinja.
Kwatingawana Topographic Maps
IU.S. Geological Survey inopa mahwendekodhi ezvino uye mazvigadzirwa zvemapapanhau emafiripu eU.S. pdf format pawebsite yayo. Garmin inopa mapepa akawanda epopographic inotengeswa pa webhusaiti yayo, uye chikamu cheChamber and Hiking kuAmazi ine sarudzo dzemafiripu ezvipo zviripo. Topographic maps zviri kuwedzera kuchengetwa, kuparidzirwa uye kushandiswa mujw.org.
Nhamba yeTopographic Maps
Topographic maps inouya muzviyero zvakasiyana, uye kusiyana kunokosha. Semuenzaniso, mapeji 24K topo mapaundi akaenzana akaderera 1: 24,000 (1 inch = 2,000 feet) uye anoratidza tsanangudzo yakawanda. Mepu 24K inozivikanwawo semepu yemaminiti 7.5 nokuti inofukidza 7.5 maminiti ekuyera uye longitude. Chimwe chimiro chakajairika, iyo mapu 100K topo, iri pachiyero che1: 100,000 (1 centimita = 1 khilomitha) uye inoratidza zvishoma zvishoma asi inosvika nzvimbo yakakura pane mapeji 24K.
Chii Chinonzi Mepu Yokuyamura?
Mepu yekuyamura ipepa yemapupa e typographic haashandisi mitsara yemiganhu. Pane kudaro, inotorwa uye inoratidzwa kuratidza kuchinja kwekumusoro. Izvi zvinopa mepu maonero chaiwo, uye iwe unogona nyore nyore kusiyanisa pakati pemakomo nemipata kungotarisa. Nyika yakave yakasimudza makomo emvura yakasiyana-siyana inomirirawo mapeji erubatsiro.