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Vagari veUnited States vanopiwa kodzero dzinoverengeka. Iko kodzero dzakashanduka uye dzakagadzirwa kwemazana emakore uye dzakange dzawedzerwa kune zvinyorwa zvekusingaperi maererano nekushandurwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States.
Sezvazvakamira ikozvino, kune zvikamu makumi maviri nezvinomwe zvekugadzirisa. Vamwe vavo vanobvurana kunze kwechirongwa chechipiri chechigumi nemakumi maviri nemakumi matatu chinodarika kushandurwa kwe18th amendment pakugadzira, kutengesa kana kutakura doro.
Vakawanda veUnited States vagari vangave vasingazivi zvinyorwa mune izvo zvigadziriswa. Vanogona kunge vakabata pamusoro pazvo kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti vapfuure hurumende yepamusoro-soro kana kirasi yevanhu, asi iyo data yakagara ichicheneswa kuita nzvimbo yezvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru. Vazhinji veAmerica vangave vasina kuziva kuti zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo kuti hurumende yeUnited States iwane mitero yemutero kusvikira vapedza mutambo wechi16 kana kuti munhu aigona kuva Mutungamiri nekusingaperi kusvikira nguva yegore iri yakagadziriswa ne20th amendment.
Kwete kukandira matombo, ini pachangu ndisingagoni kukuudza kuti vazhinji vavo ndevanaani. Vanhu vazhinji vanoziva "kutora chikamu chechishanu" zvinoreva kushandiswa kwechishanu kugadziriswa kwete "kukamanikidzwa mune chero mhosva ipi zvayo kuti ive chapupu pamusoro pake". Kugadziriswa kwakafanana nekutanga kuchinjwa kwakarurama kunotsanangura kupatsanurwa kwechechi nehurumende, chechipiri kururamisa kutakura zvombo, kana kuti kuchinjwa kwechina kukuchengetedza kubva pakutsvaga kwepamutemo uye kubatwa kwepfuma yako ruzivo rwakawanda uye zvinotaurwa nguva dzose mumasangano pakutsigira zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana.
Sezvo ndaverenga kuburikidza nekushandurwa kwewebsite yeWatchlaw.com, asi handigoni kuchinja chero kupi zvayo kunodzivirira zvakakwana kodzero yevagari veUnited States yehuga hwega. Shanduro yegumi nembiri inowanzotaurwa sekushandurwa kunodzivirira izvo Justice Justice Brandeis anonzi "kodzero yekusiiwa ari oga", asi paaiverenga, zvinoratidzika kuti kududzira kwakakwana kunofanirwa kubvumirwa kuitira kuti kusvika pakuguma kuti iyo inodzivirira kuchengetedza kwedu pachedu. Iko yekutanga, yechina uye yechishanu yakagadziridzwa pane dzimwe nguva mukukurukurirana kwekodzero yega yega.
Zvechokwadi, chegumi chekushandura chinopa zvipo simba kune mumwe munhu nyika kune simba risina kupiwa kuUnited States Congress kana rakarambidzwa zvakajeka mumutemo weUnited States. Nokudaro, pane zvingave zvakanaka zvigadziriro zvinodzivirira humwe hurumende dzenyika kana mitemo yehurumende. Kunewo huwandu hwemitemo nemitemo kune zvose zvematongerwo enyika nehurumende maitiro ayo anowanikwa nechepamusoro pane chikamu chekodzero yehuga hwega.
Zvinosuruvarisa, kuvanzika, nekudzivirirwa kwemashoko akajeka kana evanhu, zvinoita seine mutemo kune imwe yebhizimisi nemabhizimisi ayo. The Privacy Act ya1974 inodzivisa kubvumidzwa kusingabvumirwi kwemashoko evanhu akachengetwa nehurumende yehurumende. Iko Fair Credit Reporting Act inodzivirira mashoko akaunganidzwa nemasangano ekubika zvikwereti. Vana paIndaneti Privacy Protection Act inopa vabereki chiremera pamusoro pehupi ruzivo pamusoro pevana vavo (makore gumi nemasere uye pasi) inogona kuunganidzwa newebhundaneti.
Sezvakanakira kuchengetedza makombiyuta kana data, Sarbanes-Oxley Mutemo, HIPAA neGBA zvose zvine zvimwe zvimbiso zvekodzero yemumwe munhu kuti varege kuva nemashoko avo ega kana evanomwe akavanzika. Iyi mitemo inorayira kuti makambani atore matanho ekutendesa kuti data yevatengi vavo yakachengeteka uye inopa zvikwereti uye zvikwereti kumakambani anokundikana kuzviita.
SB-1386 yeCalifornia inotarisira basa kumakambani anoshandisa munharaunda iyo kuzivisa vatengi kana deta yavo yave ichinyatsobudiswa kana kuchinjwa nenzira ipi zvayo. Kana zvisiri zvemurairo iwoyo weCalifornia, kudengenyeka kwechangobva kuitwa paChoicePoint ingadai isina kumbove yakaratidzwa.
Sezvo teknolojia inofambira mberi uye hutsva hutsva hunouya hunoita kuti hupenyu huve nyore, hunobudirira kana huri nyore, izvi zvinowanzouya nekushanda-kumwe kwehumwe hunoga.
Pandinoshevedza kuronga pizza ini ndinowanzobvunzwa nhamba yangu yefoni. Ndinogona kuramba kugovera ruzivo irworwo kana ndichinzwa kuti haisi yebhizimisi ravo uye ndinoda kuchengetedza iyo ruzivo rwemunhu. Asi, nekugovana nhamba yangu yefoni pamwe nenzvimbo ye pizza, vanokwanisa kuwana kero yangu mumaziso eziso kuitira kuti vazive kuti vanganunura pizza kunze kwangu ndinofanira kuvaudza nguva imwe neimwe. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzepa pizza dzakanyatsogadziriswa zvakakwana kuti dzichengetedze zvandakarayira kuitira kuti ndinogona kungoronga zvese zvisingaiti kuti ndirondedzere zvinyorwa zvekuraira nguva dzose pandinoshevedza.
Apo ini ndichienda kune webhusaiti yeAma Amazon.com, ndakagamuchirwa nepeji remba rinoti Hello, Tony Bradley nebhu kumusoro kwechinyorwa chinonzi Tonys Store iyo inoratidza zvinhu zvandakaratidza kufarira kana zvimwe zvakasanganiswa neAmazon anokurudzira ndinotarisa maererano nemafambisirwo angu ekare ekutenga uye kuzivikanwa kunofanirwa.
Asi, izvi zviri nyore uye unyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinoreva kusavhiringidza zvandaive nazvo pane zvishoma. Kana ini ndichida kuchengetedza nguva uye kukanganisa kuraira pizza, nzvimbo ye pizza inofanira kuchengetedza zita rangu, nhamba yefoni uye kero yepaimba, uye zvichida kunyange nhoroondo yangu yekuraira, mune imwe database pane imwe nzvimbo. Kugamuchira ini pandinoda Amazon.com mishonga uye maitiro anokurudzirwa Ndinofanira kubvumira Amazon.com kuchengetedza zvimwe zvehupenyu hwangu huri kusanganisira maitiro angu ekutenga uye zvinhu zvandakatsvaga munguva yakapfuura, pamwe nekuvabvumira kuisa cookie pangu kombiyuta inoratidza kuti ndiri ani kumashandi avo.
Mukuita kudaro, ndinovimba kuti makambani andinosarudza kuita bhizinesi pamwe nekugovana mazano angu ega uye achabata ruzivo irworwo nemazinga akakodzera euchenjeri nekuchengeteka. Ndinovimba kuti vanoramba vachitendeuka uye vachitengesa dheedhi yangu pachechi yekutengesa ma-mail-kana kuichengeta mune faira faira pamakombiyuta asina kuchengetedzwa ayo ani zvake anokwanisa kuwana kubva paInternet. Kana iwe usine chivimbo mune zvinangwa kana mano ekambani yauri kushanda nayo, unofanira kufunga kaviri pamusoro pekugoverana nemashoko ako ega.
Kunyangwe zvinyorwa zvakanyatsorongedzerwa kana zvakananga kuburikidza nemitemo, mitemo uye yekare-yekuisa mutemo wemhosva, zvinoratidzika kuti vanhu vanowanzobvumirana kuti pane kodzero yehupfumi uye kuti hurumende nekushandiswa kwemitemo kunofanirwa kuita chimwe chinhu kwatiri kuti tive nechokwadi. Nepo vazhinji veAmerica vangave vasingakwanisi kudzokorora zvigadziriswa kuMutemo, uye vangave vasingazivi zvakawanda pamusoro peMutemo wega pachavo, kune chivimbo chedu chinobva kune vanhu vazhinji kuti hurumende ichashanda mukati memiganhu yeMutemo uye kuti kuve nekudzivirirwa kodzero dzakapiwa kwatiri neMutemo, kunyange kana isu tisingazivi zvavari.
Zvinosuruvarisa, kuchengeteka uye kuvanzika zvinowanzorwisana. Kupa kuchengeteka kwakanakisisa, mitemo yekuchengetedza mitemo inogona kuchengetedza tsanangudzo yakawanda yevagari vemunyika yose uye nguva dzose nekucherechedza uye kuongorora zvose zvako. Nokuita kudaro, ingadai-kuva mbavha, magandanga uye vamwe vakomana vakaipa vangagona kukanganisa vasati varwisa kana kuti zvingatorwa nyore nyore. Zvechokwadi, sevagari vemo, isu hatiwanzozvipira kupa chigadziro chevamwe chete kuitira kuti zvikamu zviduku zvisingagumi zvehuwandu hwevanhu vakaipa zvinogona kubatwa.
Pane kudaro, sangano redu rakauya nekutengeserana kwakasiyana-siyana kunoratidzika kunonzwisisika kubvumira kuvanzika kwehuwandu hwevanhu pamwe nekugonesa kutevedza mutemo kutarisa vakaipa. Shanduro yechina yeBumbiro reMitemo inodzivirira vagari vemo kubva pakutsvaga kusina mvumo uye kubata kwepfuma yega, asiwo inopa mvumo yepamutemo kukwanisa kuwana mvumo yekutsvaga kana pane humwe uchapupu hunokwana hwokuti kune chikonzero chinokonzera kukanganisa munhu anoita chimwe chinhu chakaipa.
Zvisinei, mushure mokurwiswa kwegandanga musi waSeptember 11, 2001, USA-PATRIOT Act inobvisa zvizhinji zvezvidziviriro izvi mukufarira kwekuchengeteka kwenyika. Yakabatwa nekutya, vanhu vakagamuchira PATRIOT Act sezvakakosha pasina kumira kufunga nezvekukanganisa kwaizove kune vagari vanochengeta mitemo kana kuti kana kwete kodzero dzavakanga vachirasikirwa zvingaguma nokuunza nyika yakachengeteka. Chaizvoizvo, hurumende kana kushandiswa kwemitemo kunogona kungozvitsvakira munhu anofarira uye kodzero dzakagadzirirwa neMutemo-soro dzinenge dzisingabatsiri uye dzisina maturo. Kuchinja kwakaitwa kuitira kuderedza tape tsvuku yakakosha kuti mutemo upiwe kumatareti kana kutsvaga munhu anenge achifungidzirwa uye vanhu vanofarira vanogona kuvharirwa nokusingaperi pasina kupiwa mhosva uye pasina kubatsirwa kwepamutemo.
Hurumende inofarira kuchengetedza mararamiro ako, asi zvese maererano nekamwe makambani kana vanhu vanoiwana. Kune chikamu chikuru, vangada kuva nemashoko enyu akazara akanyorwa uye vanochengetedza kukwanisa kuwana chero chikamu chehupenyu hwako kana dunhu rega rako rinovakodzera.
Sangano reNSA (National Security Agency) uye hurumende yeUnited States yakaedza zvikuru uye yakatyisidzira kutengesa Phil Zimmerman nekushushikana paakasika PGP encryption algorithm uye yakabvumira kuti inotengeswa kune dzimwe nyika kuburikidza neInternet. Vainyanya kushungurudzika nokuti vakanga vasingakwanisi kuputsa zvinyorwa uye vaisadi kuti vanhu vagone kunyora zvinhu zvakanaka zvokuti hurumende ivo pachavo vangaisakwanise kuiwana. Ikoko kune zvikwereti zvakataurirwa kakawanda mumakore gumi apfuura achiedza kurongedza imwe yembavha yakavanzika yemusuo iyo inopa hurumende chinhu chikuru chekuchengetedza zviyero zvekuchengetedza mumakombiyuta hardware kana software.
Imwe yenyika iyi Baba Vokutanga uye zvose-zvakapoteredza ruzivo rwehuchenjeri, Benjamin Franklin, anorumbidzwa nekutaura Vaizosiya rusununguko runokosha rwekuchengeteka kwenguva pfupi, havafananidzi rusununguko kana kuchengeteka.
Dambudziko nderokuti, kana rimwe rwonzi ruchiwedzerwa, harina kumbobviswa zvachose. Mutsara unogona kutamiswa kuruboshwe kana kurudyi zvichienderana nematambudziko emagariro evanhu kana kuti ndiani ane simba guru mune simba, asi njodzi iri kubvumira rwonzi kuti rudonhedzwe munzvimbo yekutanga. IUnited States mutero wemari, iyo yakatanga senzira dzenguva pfupi yekusimudza mari yekutsigira hondo-kushanda, inopfuurira kwemazana zana gare gare uye yakaita morphed muzvigaro zvayo yakagadzirisa juggernaut uye yakaunza mhizha rose rezvemitongi, mabhuku, software, uye mabasa .
Mutemo wePATRIOT wakasikwa sechiyero chenguva pfupi, asi kazhinji pakarepo pawakapedzisira kubvumirwa kwakatanga kutambanudza mazuva ekupera kwezvimwe zvezvikamu kana kuti kungoita mutemo pane zvisingaverengeki. Zvino izvo simba rakapiwa, zvakaoma chaizvo kutora zvakare. Zvichida, kana iwe uri mukuru, mutsika, kubvisa kodzero dzepamutemo dzakapiwa nePATRIOT Act hazvifaniri kukukanganisa iwe. Asi, ndianiko angati ndiani anosarudza chii chinoita kuti iwe uve netsika kana unhu hwakanaka? Iwe unogona kunge uri kurudyi rwemutsara iyezvino, asi chii chinoitika apo mutsetse wacho unotama uye iwe kamwe kamwe unozviwana uri munhu anofarira?
Pakupedzisira, zviri kwauri kuti usarudze muganhu unoshanda kwauri. Iwe unoda kubudisa mari yakawanda sei kuitira kuti uve nyore nyore uye unyanzvi semutengi? Iwe unoda kuzvipira zvakadini nekutarisira kuti ichabatsira hurumende kuchengeteka nekuchengetedza rudzi?
Simson Garfinkel, mubhuku rake Database Nation , anorondedzera kuti zvigadzirwa zvemichina zvakashanduka sei kusvika apo apo zvese zvinhu zvine zvazvinoreva uye kubatanidza dambudziko rinoratidzika serisina mhosva rinogona kupa mifananidzo yakaisvonaka yehupenyu humwe. Mune Dambudziko Rokutya , Bruce Schneier anonyatsotarisa zvinonzi tradeoffs pakati pekuchengetedzwa uye rusununguko uye inoratidza kuti kuchengetedza kazhinji kunomutambo weutsi nezvioni kuitira kuti tisave nekutya kunzwisiswa apo njodzi dzechokwadi dzisara dzisina kudzivirirwa.
Ndinokurudzira kuti uverenge mabhuku anotaurwa pamusoro apa uye Nhema yeHomeeland Security naMarcus Ranum. Kunewo upfumi hwehuwandu hunowanikwa kubva kune vasiri-purogiramu yevashandi mashoko uye sangano rekuchengetedza sangano reUnited Rights Clearinghouse.
Iwe unogona kusarudza kusaudza iwe ruzivo rwako pachako nemakambani ausina kuvimba. Zvisinei, pasinei nehurumende kana hurumende, mushandirwi wako, kana kadhi rako rekutengesa rekuchengetedza kadhi yekuvimbika kwevashandi, ruzivo rwako pachako ruri kunze uko uye unofanira kuedza kugara uine ruzivo uye uchidzidziswa nezvekuti rinoshandiswa sei uye kuti rakachengetedzwa sei uye kana ikabatanidzwa nenzira ipi zvayo.
Kana zvasvika kune kodzero dzakabviswa nePATRIOT Act uye masimba makuru akapiwa kune masangano ekuchengetedza mitemo zviri pachena sekupesana neMutemo, ndewe mutoro wako wekuziva vagari vemo uye kutaura maonero ako nemavhoti ako . Kana iwe uine hanya, unofanira kunyora kana kushevedza Mumiririri weUnited States kana Sénata uye utaure izvozvo.
Ita basa rako rechikoro pamberi kuti uone kuti iwe unosarudza sarudzo, uye iva nechokwadi chokuti nguva nenguva chengetedza dheta dzakadai semashoko ako ebhangi uye rekodhi rekwereti kuti uone kuti yakarurama uye hauna kuregererwa nenzira ipi zvayo.