Nhoroondo yeWebhu 101: Nhoroondo Pfupi YeWebhu Rwenyika Yose

by Jerri Collins

Kuberekwa kweWebhuti: Nyika Yose Yepasi Yakatanga Sei?

Kuenda paIndaneti .... Webhu .... kuInternet .... izvi zvose ndezvatinoziva. Zvizvarwa zvose zvino zvakakurira neWebhu sehupo hwehuwandu hwehupenyu hwedu, kubva pakushandisa iyo kuti uwane ruzivo pamusoro pemusoro chero upi zvaunogona kufunga nezvazvo, kutora mazano kuburikidza ne GPS inotungamirirwa ne geolocation kumashoni edu, kutsvaga vanhu vatasikirwa kubata naye, kunyange kutengesa paIndaneti uye kuwana chero chinhu chatinoda kuendeswa kumusuwo wepamberi. Zvinoshamisa kutarisa kumashure kwemakore mashomanana mashomanana kuti tione kuti takasvika kusvika kupi, asi zvakawanda zvatinofarira muIndaneti sezvatinozviziva iye zvino, zvakakosha zvakare kuchengetedza mupfungwa teknolojia uye mapiyona akatiendesa kune isu tiri nhasi. Muchikamu chino, tichatarisa muchidimbu rwendo urwu runofadza.

IWebhu, iyo yakatanga kutumirwa semasango eInternet muna 1989, haina kumbove yakapoteredza nguva yakadaro. Zvisinei, rava chikamu chikuru chehupenyu hwevanhu vazhinji; zvichiita kuti vakwanise kukurukurirana, basa, uye kutamba mumamiriro ezvinhu enyika yose. IWebhu yose ndeye hukama uye yakaita ukama uhwu hukwanisika pakati pevanhu, mapoka, uye mharaunda kwavasingave vakamboita. Iyi yeWebhu inzvimbo isina mitsara, miganhu, kana mitemo; uye yava nyika yechokwadi yega.

Imwe yenyika dzakawanda dzakawanda dzakaedzwa

IWebhu iyi inyanzvi yekuedza, nheyo yenyika yose, iyo, uye zvinoshamisa, yakashanda zvakanaka. Nhoroondo yaro inoratidza nzira iyo kufambira mberi kwekambaniki uye inyanzvi zvinogona kufamba munzira dzisingatarisirwi. Pakutanga, weWebhu neInternet zvakasikwa kuti zvive chikamu chemauto ehondo, uye chisingaiti chekushandisa. Zvisinei, sezvakawanda muongororo, mazano, uye zvirongwa, izvi hazvina kuitika chaizvoizvo.

Kukurukurirana

Kuwedzera pane chero tsanangudzo yemagetsi, Webhu inzira iyo vanhu vanotaura nayo. IInternet, iyo ndiyo iyo Webhu yakagadzirirwa pamusoro, yakatanga muma1950 sekuedza kweDhipatimendi reZviviri. Vaida kuuya nechimwe chinhu chaizoita kuti hurumende dzive nehutano hwakanaka pakati pemasangano ehondo. Zvisinei, kana teknolojia iyi ikange iri kunze, kwakanga kusina kumira. Vyunivhesiti dzakadai seHarvard naBerkeley vakawana mhepo yeiyi yekushandura teknolojia uye vakaita shanduko dzinokosha kwavari, zvakadai sekutaura pamakombiyuta mumwe munhu kubva pakatanga kutaurirana (zvisiri izvo zvinonzi IP kushutisa ).

Kusvika pakarepo kuvanhu kune dzimwe nyika

Kupfuura zvimwe zvose, Indaneti yakaita kuti vanhu vazive kuti kukurukurirana chete nekonyora maziso kwakanga kusina kubudirira (kusatauri zvishoma nezvishoma) kupfuura email yega yega paWebhu. Mikana yekutaurirana pasi pose yaiva pfungwa-inoita kuvanhu apo Webhu ichangotanga. Mazuva ano, isu hatifungi nezvekutumira maamainzvadzi edu kuGermany (uye kuwana mhinduro kumashure maminitsi) kana kuona mavhidhiyo ekubudisa mumhanzi . Indaneti neWebhu zvakashandura nzira yatinotaura nayo; kwete chete nevanhu pachavo asi nenyika.

Pane mitemo paIndaneti here?

Zvose zviri paWebhu zvinoshanda pamwe chete, zvimwe zviri nani kune vamwe, asi apo pane maitiro akawanda akasiyana paWebhu, hapana kana mumwe wavo anotungamirirwa nemitemo ipi zvayo. Iyi sarudzo, yakakura uye inoshamisa sezvaingave iri, haina kutarisa zvakananga; iyo inopa vamwe vashandi zvisina kunaka. Kuwana kwazviri hakusi kugoverwa zvekutonga pasi rose pasi rose.

IWebhu yakabatanidza vanhu pasi rose, asi chii chinoitika apo vamwe vanhu vane ruzivo rwekombiyuta uye vamwe havaiti? Iye zvino, munyika yose, vanenge 605 mamiriyoni vane ruzivo rweWebhu. Kunyange zvazvo teknolojia iyi yakatotanidza vanhu vakawanda uye ine mikana yekubatanidza zvakanyanya, haisi kubata-zvose zvese zvekuita kuti nyika ive nzvimbo yakanaka. Kushanduka kwehutano uye kuvandudzwa, zvakadai sokugadzira teknolojia yepamusoro kufanirwa nevanhu, inofanirwa kuitika isati yeWebhu inogona kuita chero rudzi rwekufambira mberi.

Munhu wese anokwanisa kuwana yeWebhu here?

Mumwe munhu asina kombiyuta haagoni " google it "; mumwe munhu asina ruzivo rweWebhu haagoni kukwanisa kutora mhete dzezvinodiwa dze PDA dzavo; asi kupfuura zvose, mumwe munhu asina Kushandiswa kweWebhu haakwanisi kukwikwidzana mumusika wepasi pose wemakambani kana zvekutengeserana. IWebhu ishanduro yekugadzirisa, asi haisi munhu wese anogona kuiwana. Sezvo webhusaiti ichiri kuramba ichikura, vanhu vakawanda vari kuwana kuwana ruzivo rwemashoko aya.Kuri kune mumwe nomumwe wedu kudzidza kudzidza kubata simba iri nekurishandisa zvakajeka muupenyu hwedu uye kubvumira avo vasingakwanisi kuwana kuitira kuti vave nekwanisi kukwikwidza pane imwe nhanho iri kutamba munda.

Webhu Hwekutanga Yakatanga Sei? Nhoroondo Yekare

Mukupera kwema1980, nyanzvi yeCERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research) yakadana Tim Berners-Lee yakauya nepfungwa ye hypertext , ruzivo rwaive "rwakabatanidzwa" kune rumwe ruzivo rwemashoko.

Shanduro yaTim Tim Berners-Lee yakanga iri nyore kupfuura chero chimwe chinhu; iye aida kuti vatsvakurudzi veCERN vakwanise kukurukura nyore nyore kuburikidza nehumwe ruzivo rwehutano hwemashoko, panzvimbo yematafura mashomanana akawanda akanga asingabatanidzi kune umwe neumwe mumhando ipi zvayo yenzira yose. Pfungwa iyi yakaberekwa zvakakwana kunze kwekudikanwa.

Heino chiziviso chekutanga che teknolojia yakashandura nyika kubva kuna Tim Berners-Lee kune alt.hypertext newsgroup iyo yakasarudza kutanga iyo. Panguva iyo, hapana munhu aive nemafungiro ekuti pfungwa iyi inoratidzika sediki yaizochinja sei nyika yatinogara:

"Purojekiti yeWorldWideWeb (WWW) ine chinangwa chekubvumira hukama hunoitwa kune chero ruzivo rupi zvese kupi. [...] IWWW project yakatanga kubvumira mafizikiki makuru emagetsi kugovana dheta, nhau, uye zvinyorwa.Tinoda zvikuru kuparadzira webhu kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye kuva nemasuo emagedhi, Google Groups, kune mamwe mashoko. Vashandi vanogamuchira! " - chitubu

Hyperlinks

Mumwe weTim Berners-Lee pfungwa inosanganisira hypertext teknolojia. Iyi teknolojia yekombiyuta yaisanganisira hyperlinks , iyo yakaita kuti vashandisi vashandise ruzivo kubva kune ipi zvayo yakabatanidzwa chete kuburikidza nekukanda pahutano. Izvi zvinobatana zvinoumba hukuru hweWebhu; kunze kweivo, webhusaiti yaisazovapo.

IWebhu rakakura sei zvakakurumidza?

Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikurusa izvo Webhu yakakura nokukurumidza sezvazvaive iyo yaiva yekushandura kwakasununguka teknolojia shure kwayo. Tim Berners-Lee akakwanisa kunyengetedza CERN kuti ape teknolojia yewebhu uye purogiramu yepurogiramu zvachose yekusununguka kuitira kuti chero munhu aigona kuishandisa, kuigadzirisa, kuigadzirisa, kuigadzira - iwe unoritumidza.

Zviri pachena, pfungwa iyi yakabviswa nenzira huru. Kubva kuImba dzekutsvakurudza dzakachengetedzwa kwaCERN, pfungwa yehutano yakanyanyisa yakaenda kune dzimwe hurumende muEurope, ndokuenda kuStanford University, ipapo mavhavharepu eWebhu akatanga kubuda munzvimbo yose. Maererano neBBC kunyora nhoroondo yeWebhu paMakore gumi nemashanu eWebhu, kuwedzera kweWebhu muna 1993 kukura kwegore negore kwaive kwakanyanyisa 341 634% zvichienzanisa negore rapfuura.

IWebhu neIndaneti chinhu chimwe chete here?

IInternet uye World Wide Web (WWW) ndiwo mazwi ayo vanhu vazhinji vanoreva nezvechinhu chimwe chete. Kunyange zvazvo ivo vachikwirirana, tsanangudzo dzavo dzakasiyana.

Chii chinonzi Indaneti?

IInternet iri pane inonyanya kutsanangurwa ye electronic electronic communications network. Icho chimiro icho World Wide Web rakagadzirirwa.

Chii chinonzi World Wide Web?

IWeb Wenyika Yose ichine chikamu cheInternet "yakagadzirirwa kubvumira kufamba nyore nyore kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekushandiswa kwemashandisi ekushandisa uye hypertext links pakati pekero dzakasiyana" (chinyorwa: MaWebhu).

Nyika Yese Yakasikwa muna 1989 naTim Berners-Lee uye inoramba ichichinja nekukura nokukurumidza. IWebhu ndiyo inoshandisa chikamu cheInternet. Vanhu vanoshandisa yeWebhu kuti vataure uye vagone kuwana ruzivo rwebhizimisi uye zvinonakidza zvinangwa.

Indaneti neWebhu zvinoshanda pamwechete, asi hazvisi zvimwe chete. IInternet inopa chimiro chechimiro, uye yeWebhu inoshandisa iyo sangano kuti ipe zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa, multimedia, nezvimwe.

Ko Gore Gore rakanyatsoita Indaneti here?

Imwe yenhau dzakawanda dzinogara dziri mumaguta mumakore gumi apfuura yaive yeyaimbova Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri Al Gore kuva chikamu chekugadzirwa kweInternet sezvatinoziva nhasi. Ichokwadi chaicho hachisi chaicho chakachekwa uye chakaomeswa sezvi; zvisinganyanyi kufadza.

Heano mazwi ake chaiwo: "Pandaishumira muUnited States Congress, ini ndakatanga kutora Indaneti." Kubva pane zvinyorwa, zvinoita sokuti ari kutora chikwereti nokuda kwekugadzira chinhu chaasina kunyatsoita; zvisinei, zvinongova zvisinganzwisisiki izvo zvinosanganiswa nemamwe mazwi ake (kunyanya inowedzera mukukura kwehupfumi) chaizvoizvo inonzwisisa. Kana iwe uchida kuverenga zvakataurwa (pamwe chete nemashoko ekutanga) muhuwandu hwazvo, iwe unoda kutarisa izvi zvinyorwa: Al Gore "yakagadzira Indaneti" - zvigadzirwa .

Zvinonakidza kufungidzira kuti zvinhu zvaizova zvakasiyana sei naBerners-Lee naCERN vakasarudza kuti HAVAKADZE zvikuru! Pfungwa yeruzivo - marudzi ose ehutano - kuwanika nyore nyore kubva kune imwe nzvimbo paNyika yaiva pfungwa inofadza zvikuru kuti isasangana nehutachiona hwekukura kweWebhu kubvira pakatanga, uye kunoratidzika kunge pasina kumira chero nguva pfupi.

Nhoroondo yekutanga yeWeb: Nguva

Shanduro Yenyika Yose yakatumirwa pasi rose musi waAugust 6, 1991, naSim Tim Berners-Lee . Pano pane imwe nhoroondo yeWebhu inoratidzika seyakatanga kutaurwa kubva kuBBC.

1957: United States Dhipatimendi Rezvokudzivirira yakaumba sangano diki rainzi ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) kukudziridza sayenzi yekasiki uye teknolojia.
1961-1965: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) yakatanga kutsvakurudza kugoverana ruzivo mune zviduku, mafoni anowirirana. ARPA ndeimwe yevanotsigira zvikuru.
1966: Urongwa hwekutanga hweArpaneti hunobudiswa na Larry Roberts weMIT. Packet switching teknolojia inobva pasi, uye madhigirii emayunivhesiti anotanga kuumbwa.
1969: Dhipatimendi reZviviri inopa hurukuro yeArPAnet yakatanga kushandiswa pakutsvakurudza kwenhamba. Ikutanga yepamutemo mitambo yenzvimbo yaiva UCLA, Standford Research Institute, UCSB, uye University of Utah. Nhamba yekutanga yekunyora mutsara yakatumirwa kubva kuUCLA kuenda ku SRI.
1971: dzimwe nodes dzinopinda mumutambo, zvichiunza zvikamu gumi nemashanu. Aya nodes matsva anosanganisira Harvard neNASA.
1973: ARPAnet inowanikwa pasi pose apo University of London neNorway Royal Radar Establishment vanobatana.
1974: Network intercommunication inowedzera kuve yakanyanyisa; deta ikozvino inoparidzirwa nekukurumidza uye nekubudirira nechinangwa cheTCP (Transmission Control Program).

1976: Unix yakagadzirwa paAT uye T; Mambokadzi Erizabheti anotuma kunze kwekutanga email yake.
1979: USENET, amai vemasangano ose ekukurukurirana, anogadzirwa.
1982: Zvinyorwa zvepaIndaneti zvinogadzirwa, zvinowanzozivikanwa seTCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol uye Internet Protocol). Izvi zvinotungamirira pane imwe tsanangudzo yekutanga ye "internet" kuva inogadziriswa yehutano.
1984: Nhamba yemagetsi ikozvino kusvika ku1000, uye yakawedzera kuwedzerwa zuva rimwe nerimwe.
1985: Yokutanga kunyoresa chinzvimbo iSymbolics.com.
1987: Nhamba yemakwikwi inoputsa chikamu chechiuru chegumi.
1988: Kutanga kukuru kweInternet worm inokanganisa zviuru zvevaIndaneti.
1991: Tim Berners-Lee anovaka World Wide Web . Tim Berners-Lee akaita sangano rake pasi rose pane alt.hypertext newsgroup. Mutsva, akati chirongwa ichi "chinangwa chekutendera hukama hunoitwa kune chero ruzivo kupi zvako". Yakaita izvi kuburikidza kushandisa hypertext nzira yekubatanidza pakati pezvinyorwa zvakasiyana. Kunyange zvazvo yakagadzirwa makore akawanda zvisati zvaitika, VaBerners-Lee vakagadzirwa nehutano netsamba. Akaitawo kuti pave nemafuta ose akakodzera kuti vanhu vadzoke zvakare.

1993: Kukura kweWebhusheni rese yeWebhusheni yegore rose ikozvino kune 341 634%. Tim Berners-Lee vakakwanisa kunyengetedza CERN kuti vape ruzivo rwebhu web uye purogiramu yepurogiramu yekusununguka kuitira kuti chero munhu upi zvake aigona kushandisa nekuvandudza. Chisarudzo chacho chinonzi chimwe chezvikonzero zvinokosha zvewebhu zvakakura nokukurumidza. Mutauro wekushandiswa kwe HTML unoshandiswa kugadzira mawebhu akabudiswa.
1994: ARPAnet inopemberera makore makumi maviri nemashanu. Yahoo yakatanga naStanford University vadzidzi David Filo naJerry Yang. Yakanga yakatanga kunzi "Jerry's Guide kuWebhu Wenyika Yose" nzvimbo yakagadziriswa mazita eimwe nzvimbo. Yakatumidzwa zvakare Yahoo nguva pfupi mushure mekunge. Zita racho rinomiririra Asi rimwe Chirevo cheHerarchical Officious Oracle. Mamwe makambani ematare ehurumende anoti Yahoo ndiyo nzvimbo yakashanyirirwa pane webhu nhasi. Mutungamiri Bill Clinton anoisa whitehouse.gov pane web.
1995-1997: RealAudio inotanga mitambo yeInternet inoshandiswa, hutachiona hunobuda (America Online, Compuserve), Internet backbone inoramba ichisimbiswa nekuwedzera kwaMicro, Microsoft uye Netscape kurwisana neWWW kukudzwa, uye kune ikozvino kupfuura 70,000 mazita emazita. Imwe mabhuku epaIndaneti yakatanga yakatanga seCadabra.com naJeff Bezos muna 1994. Yaiva imwe yemakambani makuru ekutanga kutengesa zvinhu pawebhu. Kunyange zvazvo yakatanga sechitoro chemabhuku eIndaneti ikozvino inotengesa mimhanzi, magetsi, fenicha, uye kunyange zvokudya. Microsoft Internet Explorer inosunungurwa sechikamu cheWindows 95.

1998: Google inotanga nzvimbo yayo yokutanga mugaraji muCalifornia. MySpace pakutanga yaiva yekuchengetedzwa kwekutsvaga uye faira kugovera zvakasimba asi yakavharwa muna 2001. Zero rekugara panzvimbo dzevanhu panzvimbo yavo yemazuva ano yakatanga muna July 2003. Yakatangwa muna 2003 naTom Anderson, Chris DeWolfe, uye neboka duku revarongwa. MySpace iye zvino ine vashandi vanosvika mamiriyoni zana. Nzvimbo iyi inobvumira vashandi kuvaka peji peji rega rega, blogs, mifananidzo, mimhanzi, uye meseji system. Muna 2005, mhirizhonga Rupert Murdoch akabhadhara 580m panzvimbo iyi. MySpace yakaparadzanisa nzira yevamwe nhepfenyuro yemagariro , zvakadai sa Facebook , Twitter , uye Pinterest .
1998-2000: Bhodhi-com-bubble yakanga ichikura kubvira muna 1997. Kufara kwakapoteredza web kunokonzera kugoverana kwekutengesa. MunaJanuary 2000 yakasvika pakakwirira apo Dow Jones Industrial Average yakavharwa pane imwe nhoroondo yepamusoro yakambosvika kare kana kuti kubvira. Musi waMarch 10 NASDAQ Composite Index yakasvikawo panguva yakakwirira. Nguva pfupi mushure mokunge, misika yakatanga kuparara uye pamwe nayo yakaenda mazhinji emakambani ekutanga akatanga kubhadhara panguva ye dot-com boom. Inenge mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemakumi maviri ari paIndaneti panhare iyi.

2000-201: The "Wardrobe Maitiro" Anova Anonyanya Kutsvaga Mufananidzo muWorld History: January 5, 2004. Munguva yehafu yekutaridza naJustin Timberlake paShowbowl pop star, Janet Jackson aive ne "kushandiswa kwevashandi". Kutevera chiitiko chekutsvaga injini yakataura kuwedzera mukutsvaga mazwi akaita saJanet Jackson uye Super Bowl sezvo vanhu vaitsvaga mifananidzo yechiitiko. Pane ikozvino 92615362 mawebsite paIndaneti.
2016-ramangwana: Maererano neInternet statistics, mushure mekunge kusvika kune mabhiriyoni 1 mawebhusayithi munaSeptember ye2014, chiitiko chikuru chakatsigirwa neNetCraft munaOctober 2014 Web Server Survey uye kuti Internet Live Stats ndiye wokutanga kuzivisa (ona tweet kubva kumuvambi we World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee) nhamba yewebsite yepasi rose yakaguma, yakadzokera kumwero uri pasi apa 1 bhiriyoni. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwegore negore kunhamba kwewebasa rekusaita. Isu tinotarisira, zvisinei, kudarika ma-biliyoni mabhizimisi zvakare pane imwe nguva muna 2016/2017, uye kugadzirisa kuverenga pamusoro peiyi inokosha zvikuru muna 2017/2018 ( chikwereti: InternetLiveStats.com).

IWebhu iri chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva

Iwe unogona kufungidzira hupenyu hwako usingashandisi yeWebhu - kwete maeyili, kusina kugadzirisa nyaya, kwete kusvika kumigumo yemamiriro emamiriro emhepo, hapana nzira yekutsvaga paIndaneti, nezvimwewo? Zvichida haugone. Isu tava kukura kuti tive vakavimbika kune teknolojia iyi - yakashandura nzira iyo yatinobudisa nayo upenyu. Edza kuenda rimwe zuva usingashandisi yeWebhu mune imwe fashoni-iwe unogona kushamisika kuti unovimba zvakadini pauri.

Nguva dzose kuchinja nekukura

IWebhu haikwanisi kuongororwa pasi, haugone kuisa pairi uye uchiti "pane izvo!" Webhu inogara iripo, inoenderera mberi. Haina kumbomira kuzvirondedzera pachayo kana kufambira mberi kubva pazuva raakatanga, uye zvichida richaramba richichinja chero vanhu varipo kuti varambe vachirikudziridza. Yakaumbwa nehukama hwehukama, hukama hwebhizimisi, neshamwari dzepasi rese. Kana yeWebhu ikasava nehukama huri pakati pevanhu, haizovipo.

Kukura kweWebhu

Kukura kweWebhu kwakange kuchikuvadza, kutaura zvishoma. Kune vanhu vakawanda vari paIndaneti kupfuura pane imwe nzvimbo munhau, uye vanhu vakawanda vanoshandisa Webhu kuti vatenge kupfuura pane imwe nguva munhoroondo. Uku kukura hakuratidzi chiratidzo chekudzikira pasi sezvo vanhu vakawanda vachikwanisa kuwana maIndaneti anoita seasingakwanisi.