Semiconductor Basics
Overview
Teknolojia yemazuva ano inoita kuti zvigoneke nokuda kwekirasi yezvinhu zvinonzi semiconductors. Zvose zvinoshandiswa, zvikwata zvakanyatsobatanidzwa, microchips, transistors, uyewo masvikiro mazhinji anovakwa ne semiconductor zvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo silicon ndiyo inoshandiswa zvikuru uye inonyanya kuzivikanwa semiconductor zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumagetsi, zvinoshandiswa semiconductors zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira Germanium, Gallium Arsenide, Silicon Carbide, uyewo semiconductors yehupenyu. Nyaya yoga yoga inounza humwe hukomborero patafura yakadai sekubhadhara mari / maitiro, hukuru-speed operation, yakakwirira-kutonhora, kana kudiwa kunoda chiratidzo.
Semiconductors
Chii chinoita semiconductors zvakakosha iyo inokwanisa kukwanisa kunyatsogadzirisa magetsi nemafambiro avo panguva yekugadzira. Semiconductor zvinhu zvinodzorwa nekuwedzera zviduku zvisingasviki mu semiconductor kuburikidza nehutano hunonzi doping, nekusvibiswa kwakasiyana siyana uye kuwandisa kunounza migumisiro yakasiyana. Nokudzora doping, nzira iyo magetsi yemazuva ano inofamba nepakati semiconductor inogona kudzorwa.
Mune chimiro chemufambisi, semhangura, masikironi anotakura ikozvino uye anoita semunhu anotakura mutoro. Mu semiconductors zvose electrons uye 'mabhuni,' kusavapo kwe electron, kuita sevanotakura vatakuri. Nokudzora doping ye semiconductor, conductivity, uye mutakuri anotakura anogona kuenzaniswa kuti ave electron kana gomba rakadzika.
Kune marudzi maviri eudoping, N-aina, uye P-type. N-aina dopants, inowanzo phosphorus kana arsenic, ine magetsi mashanu, iyo iyo yakawedzerwa kune semiconductor inopa imwe yero electron yakasununguka. Sezvo magetsi eine maitiro asina kunaka, chinhu chakanyanyoiswa mumugwagwa uyu chinonzi N-rudzi. P-type dopants, yakadai se boron ne gallium, ine ma electrons matatu chete anokonzera kusavapo kwe electron mukristin semiconductor, kubudirira kugadzira gomba kana kutora kwakanaka, saka zita rokuti P-type. Zvose N-aina uye P-type dopants, kunyange mumaminiti mashoma, ichaita semiconductor mutungamiri akakodzera. Zvisinei, N-aina uye P-type semiconductors haisi yakakosha zvikuru ivo pachavo, vachiri vatungamiri vakanaka. Zvisinei, kana iwe ukavaisa mukutaurirana, uchiumba PN junction, iwe unowana dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana uye dzinobatsira zvikuru.
IPN Junction Diode
Kushandiswa kwePN, kusiyana nemashoko acho oga, hazviiti seitungamiri. Panzvimbo pokubvumira ikozvino kuti iyerere mune imwe nzira, sangano rePN rinongobvumira ikozvino kuti riyerere mune imwe nzira, zvichigadzira diod inokosha. Kushandisa mhepo inoputika PN junction iri mberi (mberi kushamwaridzana) kunobatsira ma electrons munharaunda ye-N kusangana nemakomba muP-type nzvimbo. Kuedza kushandura kubuda kwemazuva ano (reverse bias) kuburikidza nehudhi hunoita kuti ma electrons nemakomba zvakaparadzana izvo zvinodzivirira ikozvino kubva pakuyerera ichienda kune rumwe rutivi. Kubatanidza nhengo dzePN mune dzimwe nzira dzinozarura mikova kune zvimwe zvikamu zve semiconductor, zvakadai se transistor.
Transistors
Chinyorwa chinokosha chinoitwa kubva pakusanganiswa kwekubatanidza kwetatu N-aina uye P-rudzi rwezvinhu kunze kweiviri inoshandiswa mune diode. Kubatanidza zvinhu izvi kunobereka NPN uye PNP transistors dzinonzi bipolar junction transistors kana BJTs. Pakati, kana nheyo, nzvimbo BJT inobvumira transistor kuti ive shinje kana kuti amplifier.
Nepo NPN nePNP transistors zvingaita se diod mbiri dzakadzoserwa kumashure, izvo zvingavhiringidza zvose zviripo kubva pakuyerera kune imwe nzira. Kana iyo midhi yepamusoro iri mberi yakanakira kuitira kuti pfupi parizvino inopfuurira nepakati pepakati, iyo nzvimbo ye diode yakaumbwa nechepamusoro-shanduko shanduko kuitira kuti mhepo yakakura yakawanda iyerere kupfuura iyo yose yedhiyo. Iyi miitiro inoita kuti transistor ibone kukwanisa kuwedzera mavhiri maduku uye kuita shanduko kushandura mamiriro ezvinhu ikozvino kana kuvhara.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakanditsi uye mamwe maitiro e semiconductor anogona kuitwa nekubatanidza magwaro ePN munzira dzakawanda, kubva mberi, special function transistors kune diode inodzorwa. Izvi zvinotevera zvikamu zvishomanana zvezvikamu zvakagadzirwa nekunyatsogadzirisa kusangana kwePN zvisungo.
- DIAC
- Laser diode
- Chiedza-emitting diode (LED)
- Zener diode
- Darlington transistor
- Munda-effect transistor, kusanganisira MOSFETs
- IGBT transistor
- Silicon rinodzora retifier (SCR)
- Dunhu rakabatana (ICs)
- Microprocessor
- Digital Memory - RAM uye ROM
Sensors
Mukuwedzera kune kutonga kwemazuva ano izvo semiconductors vanobvumira, ivo vanewo zvinhu zvinogadzira masvikiro anoshanda. Zvinogona kuitwa kuti zvive nehanya nekuchinja kwekushisa, kusvitsa, uye chiedza. Kushandurwa pakurwisana ndiyo inonyanya kurudzirwa mhinduro ye sensor conductive sensor. Mamwe mashomanana emhando dzema sensor akagoneka ne semiconductor zvinhu zvakanyorwa pasi apa.
- Hall effect sensor (magnetic field sensor)
- Thermistor (resistive temperature ye sensor)
- CCD / CMOS (image sensor)
- Photodiode (light sensor)
- Photoresistor (chiedza chinonzi sensor)
- Piezoresistive (kushungurudzika / kusimba masero)