Bash - Linux Command - Unix Command

ZITA

bash - GNU Bourne-Again Shell

SYNOPSIS

bash [zvisarudzo] [file]

DESCRIPTION

Bash ishanduri mutauro wemutauro we- sh- compatible unoita mirairo kuverengwa kubva pane zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa kana kubva pane faira. Bash inosanganisirawo zvinhu zvinobatsira kubva kuKorn neC shells ( ksh uye csh ).

Bash inotarisirwa kuva inoenderana nekushandiswa kweIEEE POSIX Shell uye Zvigadziriswa (IEEE Working Group 1003.2).

MASHOKO

Mukuwedzera kune-single-character shell zvinyorwa zvichinyorwa mu tsanangudzo yeti yakagadzirwa yakarayirwa, bash rinotsanangura zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa kana zvichishandiswa:

-c string

Kana i- c sarudzo iripo, ipapo mirairo inowanikwa kubva kune tambo . Kana pane mhirizhonga mushure metambo , ivo vanogoverwa kumiganhu yemamiriro ezvinhu, kutanga ne $ 0 .

-i

Kana i -i chisarudzo chiripo, iyo shell inopindirana .

-l

Ita bhiza chiito sokunge chakanga chichishandiswa sechinhu chekuvhara ganda (ona INVOCATION iri pasi).

-r

Kana iyo -r sarudzo iripo, iyo shell inodzivirira (ona RESTRICTED SHELL iri pasi).

-s

Kana iyo -sarudzo iripo, kana kana pasina nharo dzisara mushure mekugadzirisa kusarudzwa, ipapo mirairo inowanikwa kubva pane zvakapindirwa. Iyi sarudzo inobvumira kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ezvigadziriswe aiswe kana achikumbira shell inobatanidza.

-D

Runyora rwemashoko ose akatorwa kaviri akaendeswa ne $ rakadhindwa pamutambo wakatarwa. Idzi ndidzo zvigaro zvinoshandiswa pakushandurirwa mumutauro kana nzvimbo yemazuva ano isiri C kana POSIX . Izvi zvinoreva --nokusarudza ; hapana mirairo ichaitwa.

[- +] O [ shopt_option ]

shopt_option ndeimwe yezvakakosha zvingagamuchirwa nevakavharwa zvakanyanya (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi). Kana shopt_option iripo, -O inotara kukosha kwechinhu ichocho; + O unsets it. Kana shopt_option isingabhadharwi , mazita uye maitiro ezvakakoswa maoko ayo anogamuchirwa nemashoko akajeka anodhindwa pane zvakaenzana. Kana kukanganisa kusarudzo kuripo + O , iyo yakabudiswa inoratidzwa mumutauro unogona kushandiswa zvakare sechipo.

-

A - inoratidza kuguma kwezvasarudzo uye inodzivisa kushandiswa kushandiswa. Mhedziso ipi neipi mushure me - inotorwa se filenames uye nharo. Nharo ye - inofanana ne - .

Bash inoshandurawo maitiro akawanda emarudzi-siyana. Izvi zvingasarudzwa zvinofanira kuonekwa pamutsetse wemirairo zvisati zvasarudzwa nemunhu mumwe chete.

- dump-po-strings

Yakangofanana ne -D , asi yakabuda iri muGNU gettext po (portable object) mafaira mafaira.

- dump-strings

Yakangofanana ne -D .

--help

Ratidza shoko rinoshandiswa pamushandisirwo akaenzana uye buda kubudirira.

--init-file file

--rcfile file

Dzokorora mirairo kubva pane faira panzvimbo yehuwandu hwekutanga faira faira ~ / .bashrc kana shell inobatanidza (ona INVOCATION iri pasi).

--login

Kuenzana ne -l .

--kuona

Usashandise mabhuku ekuverengera kweGNU kuti uverenge mitsetse yemirairo apo shell inobatanidza.

- noprofile

Usaverenga kana system-wide kutanga faira / njodzi / purogiramu kana chero ipi zvayo maofaira ekutanga ~ / .bash_profile , ~ / .bash_login , kana ~ / .profile . Nekusavapo, bash vaverenga mafaira aya apo inoshandiswa segoji yegoogle (ona INVOCATION iri pasi).

--norc

Usati uverenge uye uite iyo faira yekutanga ~ / .bashrc kana shell iri pakati. Iyi sarudzo ndeyokusavapo kana iyo shell inoshandiswa se sh .

--posiposix

Shandura maitiro ebha iyo kushandiswa kusina kusiyaniswa kwakasiyana kubva paPOSIX 1003.2 muzinga kuti ufanane nemamiriro ezvinhu ( posix mode ).

- kurega

Iko shell inodzivirirwa (ona RESTRICTED SHELL iri pasi).

--rpm-inoda

Ita runyora rwemafaira anotarisirwa kuti script shell iite. Izvi zvinoreva '-n' uye zvinotarisana nekukanganisa kwakafanana sekuunganidza nguva yenguva yekuongorora kutarisa; Maturaji, [] miedzo, uye evals hazvibvumi kuti zvimwe zvido zvingasvike. --verbose Equivalent ku -v .

--version

Ratidzai ruzivo rwehuwandu hwechiitiko ichi chebhashi pane zvakasununguka uye obuda kubudirire.

ARGUMENTS

Kana nharo dzichiripo mushure mekugadzirisa kusarudzwa, uye hapana -c kana -- sarudzo yave yakapiwa, nharo yekutanga inofungidzirwa kuva zita refaira ine mirairo yego shell. Kana bhiza richibvunzwa nenzira iyi, $ 0 yakagadzirirwa kune zita refaira, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakagadzirirwa anongedzerwa kumashoko anoramba aripo. Bash inoverenga uye inoita mirairo kubva pane iyi faira, zvino inobva. Bash 's exit status ndiyo iyo inobva kunze kwemurairo wekupedzisira wakaitwa mu script. Kana pasina mirairo inourawa, mamiriro ekudzoka ari 0. Chiedza chinotanga kuzarura faira mumutauro wazvino, uye, kana pasina faira inowanika, ipapo shell inotsvaga zvinyorwa muPATH ye script.

INVOCATION

A login shell ndiyo ane unhu hwake hwekutanga wepikicha zero- , kana imwe yakatanga ne -kugona kusarudza.

Rimwe rekushandisa iro rinotanga pasina kusarudzwa kwemashoko uye pasina -- sarudzo iyo inowanikwa maitiro uye zvakabuda zvose zviri zviviri zvakabatanidzwa kumagumisiro ( sekusarudzwa nesittyty (3)), kana imwe yakatanga ne -i chisarudzo. PS1 yakagadzirirwa uye $ - inosanganisira i kana bhiza iri kupindirana, richibvumira script shell kana kutanga faira kuedza iyi nyika.

Ndima dzinotevera dzinotsanangura kuti bash vanoita sei mafaira ekutanga. Kana imwe yeiyo mafaira iripo asi isingagoni kuverengwa, bash bhizimisi mhosho. Tildes inowedzerwa mumazita emafaira sezvaanotsanangurwa pasi apa pasi peTilde Kuwedzerwa muchikamu cheEVPANSION .

Apo bhesi inoshandiswa senhare yekubatanidza login shell, kana se-non-interactive shell ne-- login sarudzo, inotanga kuverenga uye inoita mirairo kubva pane faira / etc / profile , kana iyo faira iripo. Mushure mekuverenga iyo faira, inotarisa ~ / .bash_profile , ~ / .bash_login , uye ~ / .profile , mumutemo iwoyo, uye inoverenga uye inoita mirairo kubva kune yekutanga iripo uye inoverengwa. Iko- noprofile ingasarudzwa apo shell inotanga kuvhara maitiro aya.

Apo gwaro rekugovera rinobuda, bash vaverenga uye anoita mirairo kubva pafaira ~ / .bash_logout , kana iripo.

Apo ganda rinopindirana risati riri regin shell rinotanga, bhasi rinoverenga uye rinopa mirairo kubva ~ / .bashrc , kana iyo faira iripo. Izvi zvingave zvisingabvumirwi nekushandisa -norc sarudzo. I - -rcfile file yega yega inomanikidza bhasi kuverenga nekuita mirairo kubva pane faira pane ~ / .bashrc .

Apo bhesi inotanga kusina-interactively, kumhanya script script, somuenzaniso, inotarisa shanduko BASH_ENV mumamiriro ezvinhu, inowedzera kukosha kwayo kana ichioneka ipapo, uye inoshandisa kukoshesa kukosha sezita refaira kuverenga nekuita . Bash inoita sekuti kana murairo unotevera wakaraswa:

kana [-n "$ BASH_ENV"]; ipapo. "$ BASH_ENV"; fi

asi kukosha kwePATH kushandiswa hakushandisi kutsvaga zita refaira.

Kana bhiza richizivikanwa nezita sh , rinoedza kutevedzera tsika yekutanga yezvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, asi ichienderana nePOSIX standard zvakare. Kana ichinyorwa sekubatanidza login shell, kana kuti isina-interactive shell ne-- ginji yekusarudza, inotanga kuedza kuverenga nekuita mirairo kubva pane / etc / profile uye ~ / .profile , mumutemo iwoyo. I- inoprofile ingasarudzwa inogona kushandiswa kudzivisa maitiro aya. Kana ichishandiswa senhengo inopindirana ine zita sh , bash rinotarisa shanduko ENV , inowedzera kukosha kwayo kana ichitsanangurwa, uye inoshandisa kukoshesa kukosha sezita refaira kuverenga nokuita. Sezvo shell inoshandiswa se sh haina kuedza kuverenga nekuita mirairo kubva kune imwe mamwe mafaira ekutanga, i -rcfile sarudzo haina mhinduro. A non-interactive shell inoshandiswa nezita sh hairi kuedza kuverenga chero imwe faira yekutanga. Paunoshandurwa se sh , bash inopinda maitiro kana mushure mokutanga mafaira kuverengwa.

Apo bhesi inotanga mu posix mode, sekune-- posix command command line, inotevera POSIX yepamusoro yekutanga mafaira. Mune mamiriro aya, interactive shells inowedzera shanduro ye ENV uye mirairo inoverengwa uye inopedzerwa kubva kufaira iyo zita iro iro rinowedzera kukosha. Hapana imwe nyaya dzokutanga dzinoverengwa.

Bash iri kuedza kuziva kuti iri kuendeswa nehanzvadzi shell daemon, inowanzoshandiswa. Kana bhiza richifunga kuti riri kutambirwa ne rshd , rinoratidzika uye rinopedza mirairo kubva ku ~ / .bashrc , kana iyo faira iripo uye inoverengwa. Hazvizoiti izvi kana zvichiitwa se sh . I- inorc sarudzo inogona kushandiswa kudzivisa maitiro aya, uye -rcfile sarudzo inogona kushandiswa kukamanikidza imwe faira kuti iverengwe, asi rshd haigoni kuvhara shell neavo sarudzo kana kuvabvumira kuti vatsanangurwe.

Kana iyo shell inotanga nemunhu anoshanda (boka) id isiri yakaenzana nebasa rekushandisa (boka) id, uye -p- sarudzo haisi kugoverwa, hapana mafaira ekutanga anotorwa, maitiro epamba haasi nhaka kubva kumhepo, SHELLOPTS zvinoshandiswa, kana zvikaonekwa mumhepo, hazvibvumirwi, uye iyo idhi yevashandisi inoshandiswa inoshandiswa kumudhi chaiwo wevashandi. Kana iyo -p sarudzo inowanikwa pakunyunyuta, tsika yekutanga ndiyo yakafanana, asi iyo idhi yevashandisi inoshanda haina kudzorerwa zvakare.

ZVINOKUDZIDZA

Tsanangudzo dzinotevera dzinoshandiswa kuburikidza nedzimwe shanduro iyi.

pasina

Nzvimbo kana tab.

shoko

Chiyero chevanyori vanoonekwa sechinhu chimwe chete nehombodo. Uyewo anozivikanwa sechiratidzo .

zita

Izwi rinosanganisira chete zvinyorwa zve alphanumeric uye rinotsanangura, uye kutanga nehuwandu hwemafabheti kana kuti kusimbisa. Uyezve inotaurwa sechiratidzo.

metacharacter

Chimiro icho, kana chisingadikanwi, chinoparadzanisa mazwi. Chimwe chezvinotevera:

| &; () <> nzvimbo tab

control operator

Chiratidzo chinoita basa rekutonga. Icho chimwe chezviratidzo zvinotevera:

|| & &&; ;; () |

MASHOKO AKARISWA

Mashoko akachengetedzeka mazwi aya ane zvaanoreva kune shell. Aya mazwi anotevera anozivikanwa seakachengetwa kana asina kubvunzwa uye ezvo izwi rekutanga remirairo iri nyore (ona SHELL GRAMMAR iri pasi) kana shoko rechitatu remhosva kana kuti murairo:

! chiitiko chakaita elif zvimwe zvekushanda kwebasa kana pakusarudza ipapo kusvikira nguva [nguva]

SHELL GRAMMAR

Simple Commands

Murairo wakajeka ndeyekuenzanisa kwezvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zvikamu zvakatevedzwa nemashoko asina kuvharwa-akaparadzaniswa uye kudzorerwa, uye anopedzerwa neanotungamirira. Izwi rekutanga rinotsanangura murairo kuti uite, uye inopedzerwa sekukakavara zero. Mashoko akasara akapfuura semafungiro kumutemo unoitwa.

Mutengo wokudzoka wemirairo iri nyore ndeyekubuda kwaro, kana kuti 128+ n kana mutemo unopedzwa nesarudzo n .

Pipelines

Pipoyo ndeyekuenzanisa kweimwe kana mimwe mirairo yakaparadzana nemunhu . Mhando yepayipi ndeyekuti:

[ nguva [ -p ]] [! ] command [ | command2 ...]

Izvo zvakasara zvekuraira zvakabatana nepombi pamiririro yakazara ye command2 . Izvi zvinogadziriswa kusati kwave nekudzorerwa kunotsanangurwa nemurairo (ona REDIRECTION pasi apa).

Kana yakachengetwa shoko ! inotangira pipeline, iyo yezvinobuda iyo iyo pipeline ndiyo inonzwisisika HAPI yemamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wokupedzisira. Kana zvisina kudaro, nzvimbo yepayipi ndiyo mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wokupedzisira. Iko ganda rinomirira mirairo yose muipi iyo inopedzisira isati yadzoka kukosha.

Kana nguva yakachengetwa isati yatanga pipeline, yakapera pamwe chete nemushandisi uye nguva inoshandiswa nekutongwa kwayo inorondedzerwa apo pipeline inopera. I--p chachinoshandura chinoshandiswa pakubuda kwemaitiro kune izvo zvakataurwa naPOSIX. Iyo TIMEFORMAT variable ingagadzirirwa kune tambo yakagadzirirwa inotsanangura kuti nguva yekufanirwa inofanira kuratidzwa sei; ona tsanangudzo yeTIMEFORMAT pasi peShell Variables pasi.

Mutemo wega wega mubhaipi inotorwa sechinhu chakasiyana (kureva, mune shanduro).

Lists

Nyora ndeyekuenzanisa kweimwe kana kupfuura mapaipi akaparadzaniswa nemumwe wevashandi ; , & , && , kana || , uye zvakasarudzwa kugumiswa nerimwe ra ; , & , kana .

Panyaya idzi dzinoshanda, && and || vane chiyero chakaenzana, chinotevera ; uye &, iyo yakafananidzwa mberi.

Chiyero cheimwe kana zvinyorwa zvitsva zvinogona kuonekwa pane urongwa panzvimbo ye semicolon kuti igovera mirairo.

Kana mutemo wakagadziriswa nemutungamiri wechirwere,, shell inoshandisa mutemo kumashure mune shanduro. Hora hairemi kuti murairo upedze, uye nzvimbo yekudzoka ndiyo 0. Mirairo yakaparadzana ne ; vanourayiwa sequentially; iyo shell inomirira kumutemo wega wega wekupedzisira. Mamiriro ekudzoka ndiyo mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wekupedzisira waitwa.

Iro rinoshandisa operators && and || Ratidza AND RUTE uye OR mazita, maererano. An AND list rine fomu

command1 && command2

command2 inourawa kana, uye chete kana, mutemo1 inodzorera mamiriro ekubuda ezero.

AN OR mazita ane fomu

command1 || command2

murairo2 unourawa kana uye kana chete kana mutemo1 unodzorera asiri zero yekubuda. Nzvimbo yekudzoka yeIYA uye NO mazita ndeyemamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wekupedzisira wakarongwa mumutsara.

Makumiro eMitemo

Murairo wekombani ndeimwe yezvinotevera:

( rondedzero )

rondedzero inourayiwa mu subshell. Basa rakasiyana-siyana uye mirairo yakavakwa iyo inobatsira nzvimbo yego shell haigarisi kushanda mushure mokunge murairo wapera. Mamiriro ekudzoka ndiwo mamiriro ekudzoka kwezita.

{ list ; }

runyoro runongouraya mune ikozvino shell. runyorwa runofanira kupedzwa ne newline kana semicolon. Izvi zvinonzi seboka reboka . Mamiriro ekudzoka ndiwo mamiriro ekudzoka kwezita. Cherechedza kuti kusiyana nemasacharacters ( uye ) , { uye } mashoko akachengetwa uye anofanira kuitika apo izwi rakachengetwa rinobvumirwa kuti rizivikanwe. Sezvo zvisingabvumiri shoko rinoputsa, vanofanirwa kuparadzana kubva kune rumwe rutivi ne whitespace.

(( kutaura )

Mashoko aya anoongororwa maererano nemitemo inorondedzerwa pasi apa pasi peAVHITIKI YOKUDZIDZA . Kana kukosha kwemashoko isiri zero, mamiriro ekudzokera ari 0; kana zvisina kudaro kudzoka kwero 1. Izvo zvakaenzana nekurega " kutaura ".

[ kutaura ]

Dzorera chinzvimbo che 0 kana 1 zvichienderana nekuongororwa kwemashoko ekutaura kutaura . Tsanangudzo yakanyorwa yezvinyorwa zvinotsanangurwa pasi apa pasi peCONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS . Shoko rakaparadzaniswa uye nzira yekuwedzera kuwedzera haisi kuitwa pamashoko pakati pe [[ uye ]] ; kuwedzera kuwedzera, parameter uye kuwedzera kushandiswa, kuwedzera kwemasvomhu, kuraira kushandiswa, kugadzirisa kushandiswa, uye kubviswa kwemashoko kunoitwa.

Apo iyo == uye ! = Zvifambisi zvinoshandiswa, tambo kune kodzero yemutengi inofungidzirwa seyemuenzaniso uye yakaenzana maererano nemitemo inorondedzerwa pasi apa pasi pePat Matching . Nhamba yekudzoka ndeye 0 kana tambo yakabatana kana isingafananidzi purogiramu, pamwe chete, uye 1 zvimwe. Chero chikamu chemuenzaniso chinogona kutaurwa kuti chisimanikidze kuti chienzaniswe seyetani.

Mitsara inogona kusanganiswa nekushandisa zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa, zvakarongwa mukuraira kwekutanga kwekutanga:

( kutaura )

Inodzorera kukosha kwekutaura . Izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kudarika zvakakosha zvevashandi.

! kutaura

Ichokwadi kana kutaura kunhema.

kutaura1 && expression2

Ichokwadi kana zvose kutaura 1 uye kutaura2 ndezvechokwadi.

kutaura1 || kutaura2 Chokwadi kana imwe kutaura1 kana kutaura2 ichokwadi.

The && and || vafambisi havaongorori mazwi2 kana kukosha kwekutaura1 kwakakwanira kugadzirisa kukosha kwekudzoka kwekutaura kwese kune mamiriro ezvinhu.

nekuda kwezita [ neshoko ]; do list ; zvakaitwa

Nhamba yemashoko ari kutevera inowedzera, achiita urongwa hwezvinhu. Zita rakasiyana-siyana rinogadzirirwa kune chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi pane izvozvi, uye urongwa hunoitwa nguva imwe neimwe. Kana iri mushoko risina kubvumirwa, yekuti murairo inotora runyararo kamwechete pane imwe nhengo yemamiriro ezvinhu inenge yaiswa (ona PARAMETERS pasi). Mamiriro ekudzoka ndiyo mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wokupedzisira unotanga. Kana kuwedzera kwezvinhu zvinotevera mune zvigumisiro mune urongwa husina zvazvinobatsira, hapana mirairo inourawa, uye mamiriro ekudzokera ari 0.

nokuti (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )); do list ; zvakaitwa

Chokutanga, mazwi ekuremekedza anotsanangura maererano nemitemo inorondedzerwa pasi apa pasi paAVATIMETIC EVALUATION . Izwi rechiito remasvomhu rinotaridzirwa kakawanda kusvikira rakatarisa kusvika zero. Nguva imwe neimwe expr2 inongoratidzira kune zvisingabatsiri zero, urongwa hunoitwa uye rondedzero ye arithmetic expr3 inoongororwa. Kana chero kutaura kusingabvumirwi, inoita sokunge iyo inotarisa kusvika ku 1. Kudzoka kwekuda ndiyo inzvimbo yekubuda kubva kumurairo wekupedzisira mune urongwa huri kuurawa, kana kuti nhema kana imwe yemashoko isingabvumirwi.

Sarudza zita [ muzwi ]; do list ; zvakaitwa

Nhamba yemashoko ari kutevera inowedzera, achiita urongwa hwezvinhu. Nheyo yemashoko akawedzerwa yakadhindwa pane kukanganisa kwakakwana, imwe neimwe yakatangwa nenhamba. Kana iri neshoko risina kubvumirwa, mamiriro ezvinhu epfungwa anonyorwa (ona PARAMETERS pasi). Iyo ye PS3 inokurudzirwa zvino inoratidzwa uye mutsetse unowanikwa kubva pane zvakapindirwa. Kana mutsara une nhamba inowirirana nemumwe wemashoko akaratidzwa, ipapo kukosha kwezita kunotarirwa kune iro shoko. Kana mutsara usina chinhu, mashoko uye anokurumidza anoonekwa zvakare. Kana EOF ichiverengwa, mutemo unopera. Chero hupi humwe hutengo hunoverenga hunoita kuti zita rigadziridzwe kusina. Mutsara waiverenga unoponeswa muRWANDIKO rakasiyana. Nhamba yacho inourawa mushure mokusarudzwa kwega imwechete kusvikira mutemo wekuputsa uri kuitwa. Mamiriro ekudzoka ekusarudzwa ndiyo mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wekupedzisira wakarongwa mumutsetse , kana zero kana pasina mirairo yakaparidzirwa.

Nhamba yezwi mu [[(() pattern [ | pattern ]

Mutemo wekutanga unotambanudza izwi , uye unoedza kuenzanisa nemufananidzo wega wega, uchishandisa mitemo yakafanana inofanana neyo nzira yekuwedzera (ona Pathname Expansion iri pasi). Apo mutsara unowanikwa, urongwa hunoenderana hunourawa. Mushure mokutanga mutsara, hapana mitezo inotevera inoedzwa. Mamiriro ekubuda ari zero kana pasina purogiramu yakafanana. Kana zvisina kudaro, iyo ndiyo mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wekupedzisira wakarongwa mumutsara .

kana urongwa ; ipapo nyora; [ elif list ; ipapo nyora ; ] ... [ other list ; ] fi

Izvo kana urongwa huri kuurawa. Kana kubuda kwaro kwese zero, iyo inotevera inotorwa. Zvimwe zvisingaiti, rusiyano rumwe rutivi rwuri kuurayiwa zvakare, uye kana ruzivo rwaro rwuri zero, iyo inowirirana ipapo iyo inotorwa uye murairo unopedza. Kana zvisina kudaro, zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinourawa, kana zviripo. Mamiriro ekudzoka ndiyo mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wekupedzisira akaitwa, kana zero kana pasina chakaedzwa chechokwadi.

apo urongwa ; do list ; zvakaitwa

kusvikira urongwa ; do list ; zvakaitwa

Mutemo iwoyo paunenge uchiita unoramba uchinyora urongwa chero bedzi murairo wekupedzisira mumutsara unodzorera kubuda kwezero ye zero. Izvo kusvikira murairo zvakafanana nemirairo yekuti, kunze kwekuti kuedzwa kunoregererwa; iyo inonyorwa inourawa chero bedzi murairo wekupedzisira mumutsara unodzorera unge asiri zero kubva kunze. Mamiriro ekudzoka kwekanguva uye kusvika kumirairo ndiyo mamiriro ekubuda ekupedzisira anoita urongwa murairo, kana zero kana pasina kuurayiwa.

[ basa ] zita () { list ; }

Izvi zvinotsanangura basa rinonzi zita . Muviri webasa iri urongwa hwemirairo pakati pe {na}. Urongwa urwu runourawa pose apo zita rinotsanangurwa semazita emirairo nyore. Mamiriro ekudzoka kwebasa ndiyo mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wokupedzisira wakaitwa mumuviri. (Ona MABASA pasi apa.)

COMMENTS

Muchizivo chisina kubatanidza, kana kuti shell inobatanidza iyo inoshandiswa - intercom_kugadzirisa kushandiswa kunowanikwa yakavharwa inobvumira (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi apa), shoko rinotanga ne # rinokonzera kuti shoko iro uye zvese zvakasara pamutsara iwoyo zvirege kuregwa. Nzvimbo yekubatanidza isina sangano rekubatanidza-mazano inobvumira haibvumiri mazwi. Izvo zvinoshandiswa-zvinyorwa zvinosarudzwa zviripo zvisingasviki mumabhatikiti ekubatanidza.

QUOTING

Kudzokorora kunoshandiswa kubvisa zvinoreva zvevamwe vanhu kana mazwi kune shell. Kudzokorora kunogona kushandiswa kurega kurapwa kwakakosha kwevanhu vakasiyana-siyana, kuchengetedza mazwi asina kuchengetwa kubva pakuonekwa saizvozvowo, uye kudzivirira kuparadzanisa kuwedzera.

Chimwe chezvidimbu zvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa pasi peZVO ZVINONYANYA zvinoreva zvakananga ku shell uye zvinofanira kutorwa kana zvichizozviratidza.

Apo nhepfenyuro yemirairo yekuwedzera kwenzvimbo iri kushandiswa, nhoroondo yekuwedzera kweunhu, kazhinji ! , inofanira kunyoreswa kuti kudzivirira kuwedzera kwenhoroondo.

Pane mitatu inotsanangura nzira: kupukunyuka kwevanhu , zvinyorwa zvisiri izvo, uye zvinyorwa zviviri.

Kudzokera shure kusati kwatorwa ( \ ) ndiyo inopukunyuka . Iyo inochengetedza kukosha kwechokwadi kwechimiro chinotevera chinotevera, kunze kwe . Kana \ \ newline> pair inowanikwa, uye kudzoka shure hakusi kwaro kwakatorwa, \ \ newline> inotorwa semushonga wokuenderera mberi (kureva kuti, inobviswa kubva mumugumo wekupinza uye inonyatsorehwa).

Kuvhara mavara muzvinyorwa zvisingabatsiri zvinodzivirira kukosha kwechimiro cheumwe neumwe mukati memashoko akanyorwa. Nhamba imwe chete inogona kunge isina kuitika pakati pekutsanangura imwechete, kunyange kana yakatangwa nechekare.

Kunyora mavara mumashoko maviri akachengetedza inochengetedza kukosha kwevanhu vese mukati memashoko akanyorwa, kunze kwe $ , ` , uye \ . Vanhu vanonzi $ uye ` vanochengetedza zvavanoreva mukati memashoko maviri. Kudzoka shure kunoramba kuchireva zvinorehwa chete kana zvichitevedzerwa neimwe yevanhu vanotevera: $ , ` , " , \ , kana . Kushandisa kwemashoko maviri kunogona kutaurwa mukati memashoko maviri ekutungamira nekudzokera shure.

Izvo zviyero zvakakosha * uye @ zvine zvazvinoreva paunenge uine mashoko maviri (ona PARAMETERS pasi).

Mashoko eefomu $ ' string ' anotarisirwa kunyanya. Izwi rinowedzera kune tambo , nevanodzoka shure-vakapona vakashandurwa sezvinotsanangurwa ne ANSI C muyero. Kudzoka kwekudzoka kwekudzoka, kana iripo, inodhindwa sezvinotevera:

\ a

chenjerera (bhero)

\ b

backspace

\ e

munhu wokupukunyuka

\ f

fomu kudya

\ n

mutsva mutsva

\ r

ngoro inodzoka

\ t

horizontal tab

\ v

vertical tab

\\

kudzokera shure

\ '

single quote

\ nnn

iyo ye-8-bit character iyo inokosha inonzi octal kukosha nnn (imwe kusvika kune imwe nhatu)

\ x HH

iyo ye8-bit character iyo inokosha iyo hexadecimal kukosha HH (imwe kana maviri hex digits)

\ c x

mutemo- x unhu

Chigumuchirwe chakawedzerwa chisina kutaurwa-chinyorwa, sekunge kuti chiratidzo chechiroro chakanga chisati chavapo.

Tsamba yakabvunzwa kaviri inotangira nehomwe yemadhora ( $ ) ichaita kuti tambo ichishandurwe maererano nenzvimbo yemazuva ano. Kana nzvimbo yemazuva ano iri C kana POSIX , chiratidzo chemadhora hachina kufanirwa. Kana tambo yakashandurwa uye yatsiviwa, iyo inotsiviwa inowanikwa-kaviri.

PARAMETERS

A parameter inhengo inochengetedza maitiro. Inogona kuva zita , nhamba, kana imwe yevanhu vakanyora vakanyorwa pasi apa pasi peParam Parameters . Pamusoro pezvinangwa zvegoogle, zvinoshandiswa ndizvo zvinongororwa nezita . A shanduko ine kukosha uye zero kana mamwe maitiro . Unhu hupi hupi hunoshandiswa uchishandisa mutemo wakagadzirwa (ona zviri pasi apa mu SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ).

A parameter inogadzirirwa kana yakagoverwa kukosha. Icho chisungo chisina kukosha chinokosha. Kana imwe nguva yakasiyana, inogona kushandiswa chete nekushandisa mutemo usina kushandiswa (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi).

A shanduko inogona kugoverwa nesitatimendi yomufomu

zita = [ kukosha ]

Kana kukosha kusati kwapiwa, shanduko inogoverwa chisungo chisina kukodzera. Zvose zvinodiwa zvinowedzera kuwedzera, parameter uye kuwedzera kushandiswa, kuraira kushandiswa, kuwedzera kwemasvomhu, uye kubudiswa kwemashoko (ona KUZIMBISA pasi apa). Kana iyo shanduko ine nhamba yayo yakawanda yakagadziriswa, zvino kukoshesa kunoenderana nekuwedzerwa kwei arithmetic kunyange kana $ ((...)) kuwedzerwa kusashandiswa (ona Kuwedzerwa kweAitimetic pasi). Shoko rakaparadzaniswa harisi kuitwa, kunze kwe "$ @" sezvakatsanangurwa pasi apa pasi peParam Parameters . Patiname kuwedzera hakuiti. Zvinyorwa zvekugovera zvinogona kuonekwa semafungiro ekuzivisa , typeset , kutengesa , readonly , uye mazano ekuvakwa kwemukati .

Positional Parameters

A positional parameter inomiridzo inotsanangurwa nemumwe kana kupfuura madijiti, kunze kweiyo imwe nhamba 0. Positional mamiriridzo anogoverwa kubva pamagariro ejoka apo inoshandiswa, uye inogona kushandiswa kuburikidza nekugadzirisa yakagadzirirwa murairo. Mamiriro ezvinhu anokwanisa kunge asina kugoverwa nemabasa ekutaura. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anotsiviwa kwenguva pfupi apo shell inoshanda inoshandiswa (ona MHURI iri pasi apa).

Kana chimiro chechimiro chinenge chiine chidimbu chimwe chete chinowedzera, chinofanira kuvharwa mumabhosi (ona KUZVIMBISA pasi apa).

Special Parameters

Iko shell inobata miviri mitero zvakananga. Iyi mitemo inogona kungotaridzwa; mugove wavo haubvumirwi.

*

Inowedzera kusvika kumiganhu yepfungwa, kubva pane imwe. Apo kuwedzerwa kunoitika mukati memashoko maviri, inowedzera kune rimwe shoko nehuwandu hweparamende imwe yakaparadzaniswa nemunhu wekutanga we IFS yakasiyana-siyana. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti " $ * " yakaenzana ne " $ 1 c $ 2 c ... ", apo c ndiyo mhando yekutanga yehutano hwechinyorwa che IFS . Kana IFS isinganzwisisiki, mitemo inoparadzaniswa nenzvimbo. Kana IFS isiri iyo, mitemo yacho inobatanidzwa pasina kuparadzanisa kuparadzanisa.

@

Inowedzera kusvika kumiganhu yepfungwa, kubva pane imwe. Apo kuwedzerwa kunoitika mukati memashoko maviri, rimwe nerimwe parameter rinowedzera kune rimwe rakasiyana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti " $ @ " yakaenzana ne " $ 1 " " $ 2 " ... Kana pasina mamiriro ezvinhu, " $ @ " uye $ @ kupfuurira pasina (kureva kuti, vanobviswa).

#

Inowedzera kusvika kuhuwandu hwemasimiriro emamiriro ezvinhu mu decimal.

?

Inowedzera kusvika kumamiriro ezvinhu epanguva pfupi yapfuura yakaurayiwa pipeline.

-

Inowedzera kusvika kunezvino zvigadziri zvinoshandiswa sezvinotsanangurwa pakukumbira, nemutemo wakagadzirirwa , kana izvo zvakagadzirirwa nehogo pachayo (yakadai se -iiyo ).

$

Inowedzera kusvika pakushambadzira ID yekodhi. Mune (() subshell, inowedzera kusvika kuIndaneti inoitwa yeiyo shell ikozvino, kwete pasi.

!

Inowedzera kusvika kumusangano ID weavo vachangobva kuurayiwa (asynchronous) command.

0

Anowedzera kune zita rehogi kana shell script. Izvi zvakaiswa pa shell initialization. Kana bhatsi inobvunzwa nefaira yemirairo, $ 0 yakagadzirirwa kune zita reyo faira. Kana bhiza ratanga ne -- sarudzo, ipapo $ 0 yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa kwekutanga mushure mokunge tambo inopedzerwa, kana mumwe aripo. Kana zvisina kudaro, yakagadzirirwa zita refaira rinoshandiswa kuvhara bash , sezvinopiwa nharo zero.

_

Pakutanga kugovera, shandisa zita rakakwana refaira kana shell script iri kuitwa sezvinopedzerwa mumutsara wemakakatanwa. Nokudaro, inowedzera kusvika pakupedzisira kukakaira kumurairo wapfuura, mushure mekuwedzera. Uyewo sarudza kuzere yezita refaira remutemo wega wega wakaitwa uye wakaiswa mumamiriro ekutengeserana kune mutemo iwoyo. Kana uchitarisa tsamba, iyi parameter inoshandisa zita refaira ye mail pakatariswa ikozvino.

Shell Variables

Zvimwe zvinotevera zvinokonzerwa neholl:

BASH

Inowedzera kusvika pazara yefaira zita rinoshandiswa kuvhara chiitiko che bash .

BASH_VERSINFO

A readonly array variable iyo nhengo dzayo dzinobata zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvechiitiko ichi che bash . Maitiro anogoverwa kune nhengo dzakawanda ndeaya:

BASH_VERSINFO [ 0]

Iko huru yenhamba nhamba ( kusunungurwa ).

BASH_VERSINFO [ 1]

Icho chiduku chinoshandiswa nhamba (iyo shanduro ).

BASH_VERSINFO [ 2]

Chikamu chechikwata.

BASH_VERSINFO [ 3]

The build version.

BASH_VERSINFO [ 4]

Mamiriro ekusunungurwa (semuenzaniso, beta1 ).

BASH_VERSINFO [ 5]

Kukosha kweMaCHTYPE .

BASH_VERSION

Anowedzera kune tsambo inotsanangura shanduro yeiyi yechi bash .

COMP_CWORD

COMP_LINE

Ikozvino mutsara wemirairo. Ichi chinowanikwa chinowanika chete mu shell inoshanda uye kunze kwemirairo inoshandiswa nezvivako zvekugadzirira zvinogadziriswa (ona Programmable Completion pasi).

COMP_POINT

COMP_WORDS

Mhando yakasiyana-siyana (ona Arrays pasi) inoumbwa nemashoko ari oga mumutsetse wemirairo wezvino. Ichi chinokonzerwa chinowanikwa chete muhomwe inoshanda inoshandiswa nezvivako zvekugadzirisa zvinogadziriswa (ona Programmable Completion pasi).

DIRSTACK

Nhamba yakasiyana-siyana (ona Arrays iri pasi) ine zvinyorwa zviripo zvinobva pane zvinyorwa zvese. Zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa mune stack muhutano izvo zvinoratidzwa neve dirs builtin. Kupa kune nhengo dzeizvi zvinowanzoshandiswa zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa zvinyorwa zvekare zviri mumutsetse, asi pushd uye popd yakavakwa inofanira kushandiswa kuwedzera uye kubvisa zvinyorwa. Basa kune iri shanduko harifaniri kushandura ikozvino. Kana DIRSTACK isati yambogadzirisa, inorasikirwa nezvinhu zvayo zvakasiyana, kunyange kana inosarudzwa zvakare.

EUID

Inowedzera kusvika kune yakashanda user ID yevashandi vemazuva ano, yakatanga kugoverwa kwekamba. Ichi chinokanganisa chinonzi readonly.

FUNCNAME

Zita chero ripi zvaro riri-rinoita shell rinoshanda. Ichi chinokonzerwa chinongowanikwa chete kana shell inoshanda iri kuita. Nhaurirano kwaFUNCNAME hadzina kusimba uye kudzorera mamiriro ekukanganisa. Kana FUNCNAME isinganzwisisi, inorasikirwa nezvinhu zvayo zvakasarudzwa, kunyange kana inosarudzwa zvakare.

MAKORE

Nhamba yakasiyana-siyana ine mazita emapoka ayo anoshandisa iye zvino ari nhengo. Nhaurirano ku GROUPS haigoni kuita uye inodzorera mamiriro ekukanganisa. Kana GROUPS isingatauri, inorasikirwa nezvinhu zvayo zvakasarudzwa, kunyange kana ikazogadziriswa zvakare.

HISTCMD

Nhamba ye nhamba, kana kuti nhamba muzvenhoroondo yezvenhoroondo, yemirairo yemazuva ano. Kana HISTCMD isingatauri, inorasikirwa nezvinhu zvayo zvakasiyana, kunyange kana inosarudzwa zvakare.

HOSTNAME

Gadzirisa zvakananga kune zita remazuva ano.

HOSTTYPE

Gadzirira zvakananga kune tambo yakanyatsorondedzera rudzi rwemashandisi ayo ari kuita. Izvo zvisipo ndeye-system-depends.

LINENO

Nguva imwe neimwe iyo iyi parameter inotsanangurwa, iyo shell inomiririra nhamba yekuwedzera inomiririra ikozvino yakagadzikana nhamba yehamba (kutanga na1) mukati me script kana basa. Kana isati iri mune script kana basa, kukosha kunotsiviwa hakusi kwechokwadi kuti kunoreva. Kana LINENO isina kukanganiswa, inorasikirwa nemidziyo yayo chaiye, kunyange iyo inogadziriswa zvakare.

MACHTYPE

Gadzirisa zvakananga kune tsambo inonyatsotsanangura rudzi rwemhando iyo bash iri kuita, muGNU cpu-company-system format. Izvo zvisipo ndeye-system-depends.

OLDPWD

Iyo yekare yekare yekushandura iyo sarudzo yakanyorwa neCd command.

OPTARG

Kukosha kwekupedzisira sarudzo nharo yakagadzirwa ne gotopts builtin command (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi).

OPTIND

Nhamba yehurukuro inotevera inofanira kushandiswa neveopts builtin command (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi).

OSTYPE

Gadzirisa zvakananga kune tambo inotsanangura maitiro ekushandiswa ayo bash ari kuita. Izvo zvisipo ndeye-system-depends.

PIPESTATUS

Nhamba yakasiyana-siyana (ona Arrays iri pasi) ine rondedzero yekubuda kwehutano hwemamiriro ezvinhu kubva kune zvinowanikwa munguva pfupi-ichangobva kuitika-yakarongwa mberi pipeline (iyo inogona kunge ine mutemo mumwe chete).

PPID

Nzira yekufananidzira yemubereki wekomboro. Ichi chinokanganisa chinonzi readonly.

PWD

Ikozvino inoshanda shanduro seyakagadzirirwa neCd command.

RANDOM

Nguva imwe neimwe iyo iyi parameter inotsanangurwa, nhamba isina kuitika pakati pe 0 ne 32767 inogadzirwa. Kurongeka kwenhamba dzisingatauriki kunogona kutanga kugovera nekupa kukosha kuRANDOM . Kana RANDOM isinganzwisisiki, inorasikirwa nezvinhu zvayo zvakasarudzwa, kunyange kana ikazogadziriswa zvakare.

REPLY

Ita kune mutsara wezvinyorwa zvinowanikwa nechiverengero chakanyorwa chakanyorwa apo pasina nharo dzinowanikwa.

SECONDS

Nguva imwe neimwe iyo iyi parameter inotsanangurwa, nhamba yemasekondi kubva apo kubvunzwa kwekombodzo kunodzorerwa. Kana huwandu hunogoverwa ku SECONDS , kukosha kwakadzoka pane zvinyorwa zvinotevera ndiyo nhamba yemasekondi kubva kugovera pamwe nehuwandu hwakapiwa. Kana SECONDS isati yambogadzirisa, inorasikirwa nemiti yakakosha, kunyange iyo inogadziriswa zvakare.

SHELLOPTS

Tsanangudzo yakakonzerwa nekoloni yakabvumira kusarudzwa kwesarudzo. Zita roga roga mune zvakarongwa ndeyekugadzirisa kwakakosha kwe--sarudza kune yakagadzirirwa murairo (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi). Zvisarudzo zvinowanikwa muS SHELLOPTS ndizvo zvinonzi zvinowanikwa ne- set -o . Kana izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zviri mumamiriro ezvinhu kana bhangi inotanga, imwe sarudzo yega yega mune urongwa ichave yakabvumira usati waverenga chero faira yekutanga. Ichi chinokanganisa chinoverengwa-chete.

SHLVL

Yakakonzerwa nemumwe nguva nguva imwechete yebhashi yakatanga.

UID

Inowedzera kusvika kumudzidzi weUnited user's current, initialized at shell startup. Ichi chinokanganisa chinonzi readonly.

Zvimwe zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa nehogo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, bash inopa hutsika huripo kune variable; izvi zviitiko zvinoratidzwa pasi apa.

BASH_ENV

Kana iyi parameter ichishandiswa kana bhesi iri kuita script shell, kukosha kwayo kunoshandurwa se filename ine mirayiridzo yekutanga iyo shell, seku ~ ~ .bashrc . Kukosha kweBASH_ENV kunowedzerwa neparameter kuwedzera, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kuwedzera kwemasvomhu isati yashandurwa sezita refaira. PATH haisati yashandiswa kutsvaga zita refaira rinoguma.

CDPATH

Nzira yekutsvaga ye cd murairo. Iyi ikarongwa yakaparadzana yakakonzerwa nemakorikari ayo iyo shell inotarisa kuenda kune zvinyorwa zvinotsanangurwa nemutemo cd . Muenzaniso unokosha ".: ~: / Usr".

COLUMNS

Inoshandiswa nesarudzo yakagadzirwa yakagadzirirwa kutarisa kuguma kwepamusoro apo kushandiswa kwekunyora mazita. Gadzirisa zvakananga pakagamuchira SIGWINCH.

CHIKURIKIDZO

Nhamba yakasiyana-siyana inobva kune iyo inoverenga inogona kugadziriswa yakagadzirwa ne shell inoshandiswa neyakagadzirirwa kugadziriswa nzvimbo (ona Programmable Completion pasi).

FCEDIT

The default editor for the fc builtin command.

FIGNORE

Tsanangudzo yakasiyana-siyana yezvikwata zvisingatauri paanoita zita re filen richipera (ona READLINE pasi). Izwi refaira rine nhepfenyuro rinomirira chimwe chezvinyorwa muFIGNORE hazvibvi kubva pane zvakanyorwa zvakafanana nama filenames. Muenzaniso unokosha ".o: ~".

GLOBIGNORE

Tsanangudzo yakasiyana-siyana yezvikwata zvemapurogiramu inotsanangura seti yefaira kuti irege kufuratirwa nenzira yekuwedzera. Kana zita rekufananidza richienzaniswa nenzira yekuwedzera yemaitiro inowirirana imwe yematongerwo e GLOBIGNORE , inobviswa kubva pakurongwa kwematambo.

HISTORTROL

Kana yakagadzirirwa kukosha kwekuregeresa nzvimbo , mitsara inotanga nemunhu wepakati haisati yanyorerwa pane nhoroondo yezvakaitika. Kana yakagadzirirwa kukosha kwekuregererwa , mitsetse inofanirana nemuganhu wenhoroondo yekupedzisira haina kupinda. Chinokosha chekuregererwa kunobatanidza zvinyorwa zviviri. Kana usina kusarudza, kana kana yakagadzirirwa pane imwe imwe yepamusoro pane iyo iri pamusoro, mitsetse yose inowanikwa nemuparidzi inoponeswa pane nhoroondo yezvakaitika, zvichienderana nehuwandu hweHISTIGNORE . Iri shanduko inoshanda inotungamirirwa naHISTIGNORE . Mitsara yechipiri uye inotevera yemirairo yemiti yakasiyana-siyana haina kuongororwa, uye yakawedzerwa munhoroondo pasinei nekukosha kweHISTCONTROL .

HISTFILE

Zita refaira umo murairo wehupenyu unoponeswa (ona HISTORI pasi apa). Iko kusina kukosha i ~ / .bash_history . Kana kusina kuiswa, mharidzo yehutungamiri haigoni kuponeswa apo ganda rinopindirana rinobuda.

HISTFILESIZE

Nhamba yepamusoro yemitsetse iri mune faira rekare. Apo iyi inowanika inopiwa kukosha, faira rekare inotorwa, kana zvichidikanwa, kuti irege kuva nezvakawanda kupfuura iyo nhamba yemiganhu. Iko kusakosha kwehuwandu ipo 500. Nhoroondo yefaira inotarirwawo kuhukuru uyu mushure mekunyora iyo apo inobatanidza shell inobva.

HISTIGNORE

Tsanangudzo yakasiyana-siyana yepurogiramu yemashandisirwo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mitemo ipi yemirairo inofanira kuchengetwa pane nhoroondo yezvakaitika. Purogiramu imwe neimwe yakasimbiswa pakutanga kwezera uye inofanira kufanana nemutsara wakakwana (hapana chakajeka * * 'chinowedzerwa). Nzira imwe nechimwe inoshandiswa kurwisana nemutsara mushure mokunge checks inotsanangurwa neHISTCONTROL inoshandiswa. Mukuwedzera kune zvakajairika shell inoratidzirana vanhu, ` & 'inotarisa mutsara wekare wekare. ` & 'vangangopukunyuka vachishandisa mushure; kudzoka shure kunobviswa kusati kwaedza kutamba. Mitsara yechipiri uye inotevera yemirairo yemutsetse wemiganhu yakawanda haina kuongororwa, uye yakawedzerwa kune nhoroondo pasinei nekukosha kweHISTIGNORE .

HISTSIZE

Nhamba yemirairo yekuyeuka munhoroondo yemirairo (ona HISTORI pasi apa). Iko kusakosha kunokosha 500.

HOME

Imba yekunyoresa yemushandisi wezvino; the default argument for the cd builtin command. Kukosha kwekushanduka uku kunoshandiswawo pakuita tilde kuwedzera.

HOSTFILE

Iine zita refaira mumutauro mumwechete se / / etc / mauto ayo anofanira kuverengwa apo shell inoda kuzadza zita reimba. Nhamba yezvinogona kuitwa hostname inogadziriswa inogona kuchinjwa apo shell iri kushanda; iyo inotevera nguva yekushandira zita rekupedzisa inoshandiswa mushure mekukosha kwekushandurwa, bash anowedzera zviri mukati pefaira idzva kune yakarongwa urongwa. Kana HOSTFILE yakagadzirirwa, asi isina kukosha, bashi vanoedza kuverenga / etc / vanogadzirisa kuwana rwandu rwemunogona kutumira mazita. Apo HOSTFILE isingatauri, mazita ekutumira mazita akacheneswa.

IFS

IInternal Field Separator iyo inoshandiswa mushoko kuparadzanisa mushure mekuwedzera nekuparadzanisa mitsara mumashoko pamwe neshoko rakanyorwa rakanyorwa . Iko kusina kukosha ndeye `` ''.

IGNOREEOF

Rinodzora chiito chekubatanidza shell pakagamuchira imwe ye EOF semuongorori wega. Kana yakagadziriswa, kukosha iyo nhamba yezviitiko zvinotevera EOF zvinofanirwa kuenzaniswa sevanhu vokutanga pamutsara wekubatsira vasati vasimuka . Kana ichitsinhanho ichipo asi isina kukosha kwenhamba, kana isina kukosha, kukosha kwekutengesa ndeye 10. Kana ikasavapo , EOF inoratidza kuguma kwezvakanakira kuhombe.

INPUTRC

Zita refaira rekutanga kutora faira, inowedzera kusviba kwe ~ / .inputrc (ona READLINE pasi).

LANG

Yakashandiswa kugadzirisa nzvimbo yemunharaunda chero ipi zvayo isina kunyatsosarudzwa nechinotanga kubva naLC_ .

LC_ALL

Ichi chinokanganisa chinodarika kukosha kweLANG uye chero imwe shanduko yeLC_ inotsanangura nzvimbo yekugara .

LC_COLLATE

Ichi chinotsanangura chinogadzirisa urongwa hwekutsvaga hunoshandiswa paunenge uchitarisa migumisiro yenzira yekuwedzera, uye unogadzirisa maitiro emitauriro yakawanda, makirasi akaenzana, uye kuwirirana kwekufamba mukati penzira yekuwedzera nekufananidza muenzaniso.

LC_CTYPE

Ichi chinoshandura chinogadzirisa kududzirwa kwevanhu uye mafambiro ehutsika makirasi mumugwagwa zita rekuwedzera nekufananidza kufanana.

LC_MESSAGES

Iri shanduko rinogadzira nzvimbo inoshandiswa kushandura tsvimbo mbiri dzakataurwa dzakatangwa ne $ .

LC_NUMERIC

Ichi chinoshandura chinogadzira nzvimbo yekushandisa inoshandiswa kuwandisa nhamba.

LINES

Inoshandiswa nesarudzo yakagadzirwa yakagadzirirwa kutarisa urefu hwemutsara wokudhinda mazita ekusarudza. Gadzirisa zvakananga pakagamuchira SIGWINCH.

MAIL

Kana iyi parameter yakagadzirirwa zita refaira uye shanduko ye MAILPATH haina kuiswa, bashati anozivisa mushumiri wekuuya kwemashoko mune faira yakataurwa.

MAILCHECK

Inotsanangura kuti kazhinji sei (mumasekondi) chengetedza cheki dzemashure. Izvo zvisipo ndeye masekondi makumi matanhatu. Kana yava nguva yekuongorora tsamba, iyo shell inodaro isati yataridza chirevo chekutanga. Kana kushanduka uku kusina kukwana, kana kuiswa kune kukosha isiri nhamba yakakura kukunda kana yakaenzana nezero, shell inodzivisa tsamba kuongorora mail.

MAILPATH

Tsanangudzo yakasiyana-siyana yeiyo yefaira mazita kuti iongororwa nemeyili. Mharidzo inofanira kudhindwa apo mail inosvika mune imwe faira ingarondedzerwa nekuparadzanisa zita refaira kubva mumashoko ne `? '. Kana yakashandiswa mumashoko emashoko, $ _ inowedzera kune zita re mailfile ikozvino. Muenzaniso:

MAILPATH = '/ var / mail / bfox? "Une tsamba": ~ / shell-mail? "$ _ Ine mail!"'

Bash inopa kukosha kweiyo kushanduka, asi nzvimbo yemafaira emafaira anoshandisa ndiyo inomirira (eg, / var / mail / $ USER ).

OPTERR

Kana yakagadzirirwa kukosha 1, shatisa zviratidzo zvisina kukanganisa zvakagadzirwa ne getopts builtin command (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi). OPTERR inotangwa kusvika 1 nguva imwe neimwe iyo shell inoshandiswa kana script shell inourawa.

PATH

Nzira yekutsvaga yemirairo. Icho chikamu chakaparadzaniswa chinyorwa chezvikwata umo shell inotarisa mirairo (ona MUTONGO WEMOVHANDI pasi apa). Nzira isina kukodzera inzira-inotarisirwa, uye inogadzirirwa nemutongi anoisa bhasi . Chinhu chinozivikanwa ndeye `` / usr / gnu / bin: / usr / local / bin: / usr / ucb: / bin: / usr / bin: ''.

POSIXLY_CORRECT

Kana izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zviri mumamiriro ezvinhu kana bash inotanga, ganda rinopinda mumamiriro ekunze musati maverenga faira yekutanga, sokunge kuti -posiposi yekukumbira chisarudzo yakanga yapiwa. Kana yakagadzikwa apo shell inenge ichimhanya, bash inoshandisa posix mamiriro , sekunge kana mutemo wakagadzika -o posix wakanga waitwa.

PROMPT_COMMAND

Kana yakagadzirirwa, kukosha kunoitwa semurairo usati watanga chirevo chekutanga chekutanga.

PS1

Kukosha kweiyo parameter kunowedzerwa (ona KUVIMBISA pasi apa) uye kushandiswa sechinhu chinonyanya kukurumidza chingwe. Iko kusina kukosha ndeye `` \ s- \ v \ $ ''.

PS2

Kukosha kweiyo parameter kunowedzerwa sa PS1 uye kunoshandiswa sechikwata chechipiri chinokurumidza. Izvo zvisingaiti ndeye `` > ''.

PS3

Kukosha kweiyo parameter kunoshandiswa sechimbichimbiro chekuraira (ona SHELL GRAMMAR pamusoro).

PS4

Kukosha kweiyo parameter kunowedzera sa PS1 uye kukosha kunoparidzwa mushure mega rega rimwe bhari rinoratidza panguva yekutsvaga kutevera. Mhando yekutanga ye PS4 inotsanangurwa kakawanda, sezvinodiwa, kuratidzira mazinga akawanda ekururamisa. Izvo zvisiri izvo ndeye `` + ''.

TIMEFORMAT

Kukosha kweiyo parameter kunoshandiswa seyimiro yefaira inotsanangura kuti nguva yekushandisa pipelines yakafananidzwa nei nguva yakachengetwa inofanira kuiswa. I- % character inotanga kurongeka kunoratidzika kunowedzera kusvika pane kukosha kwenguva kana mamwe mashoko. Kuzotiza kunopindirana uye zvavanoreva zvinotevera; bhudzi rinoreva zvikamu zvingasarudzwa.

%%

A literal % .

% [ p ] [l] R

Nguva yakapera mumasekondi.

% [ p ] [l] U

Nhamba yeCCU seconds inoshandiswa mumushumo wemashandisi.

% [ p ] [l] S

Nhamba ye CPU seconds inoshandiswa mu system mode.

% P

Ikoji yeCUU, yakaverengwa se (% U +% S) /% R.

Izvo zvinoshandiswa p ndeye chidimbu inotsanangura zvakajeka , nhamba yezvikamu zvishoma zvishoma pashure pechirevo chepamusoro. Kukosha kwe 0 zvinokonzera kwete chirevo chechirevo kana chikamu chinenge chiripo. Pakawanda nhatu nzvimbo mushure mekunge dhigirii inogona kutsanangurwa; mitemo yepamusoro pepfuura 3 inoshandurwa kuva 3. Kana p isingatauri, kukosha 3 kunoshandiswa.

Izvo zvingasarudzwa l inotsanangura maitiro akareba, kusanganisira maminitsi, emufomu MM m SS . FF s. Kukosha kwep kunotarisa kana chikamu chacho chinosanganiswa here kana kuti kwete.

Kana shanduko iyi isati yasarudzwa , bashati anoita sezvinonzi inokosha $ '\ nreal \ t% 3lR \ nuser \ t% 3lU \ nsys% 3lS' . Kana iyo kukosha isiri iyo, hapana ruzivo rwemazuva runoratidzwa. Nhamba itsva yekutengesa inowanikwa apo fomati yakarongwa inoratidzwa.

TMOUT

Kana yakagadzirirwa kuhukuru hukuru kupfuura zero, TMOUT inotorwa seyo nguva yakatarwa yekuverenga yakaverengwa . Mutemo wokusarudza unogumisa kana kuiswa hakuiti mushure memasekondi TMOUT apo maitiro ari kuuya kubva kumagetsi. Muchikamu chinopindirana, kukosha kunotsanangurwa sekuti nhamba yemasekondi inomiririra kuiswa mushure mokubudisa chirevo chekutanga. Bash inogumisa pashure pokumirira nhamba iyoyo yemasekondi kana kuiswa kusingaiti.

auto_resume

Iri shanduko rinodzora kuti shell inobatanidza sei nemushandisi uye kutarisira basa. Kana iri shanduko yakagadziriswa, shoko rimwe chete risina mirayiridzo risina kubvumidzwa rinotorwa sevadzidzi kuti vadzorezve basa rakange rakamira. Izvo hazvina chimiro chakabvumidzwa; kana pane basa rinopfuura rimwe rakatanga nerambo yakanyorwa, basa razvino rawanikwa rakasarudzwa. Zita rekumisa basa, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, ndiro mutsetse wemirairo inoshandiswa kutanga. Kana yakagadzirirwa kunokosha chaiyo , tambo yakapiwa inofanira kufanana nezita rekumisa basa chaizvo; kana yakagadzirirwa kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo , tambo yakapiwa inoda kuenzanidza nechepamusoro pezita rekumisa basa. Iko kunzvimbo yepamusoro inopa hutano hwakaenzana ne %? basa rokuzivikanwa (ona JOB CONTROL pasi apa). Kana yakagadzirirwa kune rimwe ripi, kukoshesa tsamba inofanira kunge iri yekutanga kwezita raimisa basa; izvi zvinopa hutano hunofananidza ne % yekutsvaga basa.

histchars

Iyo miviri kana mitatu inomirira iyo yekuwedzera kwenhoroondo nekukwira (ona HISTORY EXPANSION pasi). Mhando yekutanga ndeyekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemunhu, hutano hunoratidza kutanga kwenhoroondo yekuwedzera, kazhinji ` ! '. Chimiro chechipiri ndechekutsvaga nekukurumidza , iyo inoshandiswa se shorthand yekudzosa zvakare mutemo wapfuura wakapinda, kushandura imwe chinyoro kune umwe mumurairo. Izvo zvisingaiti ndeye ^ ^ '. Izvo zvinosarudzwa zvitatu unhu hunoratidzira kuti zvakasara pamutsara ndiwo mazano apo inowanikwa semunhu wokutanga wezwi, kazhinji ` # '. Nhoroondo yehuwandu hwevanhu inokonzera nhoroondo yekusimba inopedzisira ichinyorwa nokuda kwemashoko akasara pamutsara. Iyo haisi iyo inokonzera kuti muparadzi wemapurisa aporese mamwe ose emutsara semhinduro.

Arrays

Bash inopa mienzaniso imwe-dimensional array. Zvose zvinogona kushandiswa zvinogona kushandiswa sezvikamu; iyo inonzi builtin ichajekesa pachena kuti yakawanda. Hakuchina chiremera chikuru pamusoro pehukuru hwehuwandu, kana chero chidimbu chekuti mitezo inyoreswe kana kugoverwa zvakakwana. Mifananidzo yakanyorerwa kushandisa integers uye iri zero-based.

Mhando yakasikwa pakarepo kana shanduko ipi zvayo inopiwa kushandisa syntax zita [ subscript ] = kukosha . Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinotarisirwa semashoko ekureva aritemu inofanirwa kuongororwa kune nhamba yakakura kudarika kana yakaenzana ne zero. Kuti ujekese kutaurirana, shandisa kuzivisa- zita (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi). kuzivisa- zita [ gwaro ] rinogamuchirwawo; shanduro yacho haina hanya. Unhu hunogona kutsanangurwa nehuwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hunoshandiswa pakuzivisa uye kuverenga . Nhengo imwe neimwe inoshandiswa kune nhengo dzose dzezvenhare.

Mifananidzo inopiwa kushandiswa kwemajairo emukati yezita fomu = ( kukoshesa 1 ... nhamba n ) , apo kukosha kwega kwega kune fomu [ subscript ] = tambo . Mutambo chete unotarisirwa. Kana mabheji ezvokuda uye mabhadhiro akapiwa, iyo index inopiwa; kana zvisina kudaro iyo nhamba yeiyo inogoverwa ndiyo iyo yekupedzisira index yakagoverwa neshoko racho pamwe chete. Kunyora kunotanga pa zero. Ichi chirevo chinogamuchirwawo nemashoko akavakwa. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinogona kugoverwa kushandisa zita [ subscript ] = kukosha kweshoko rinotaurwa pamusoro apa.

Iko kusagadziriswa kwakagadzirwa kunoshandiswa kuparadza mashura. unset name [ subscript ] inoparadza array element pane index subscript . kusanudza zita , apo zita rakagadzirwa, kana kusina zita [ gwaro ], uko kubhadhara * kana kuti @ , kunodzinga yose yakawanda.

Izvo zvinoparidzirwa , zvekugara , uye zvekuvakwa zvakagadzirwa nemumwe nemumwe zvinogamuchira -- sarudzo yekutsanangura mhando. Iyo yakaverengwa yakagamuchirwa -- sarudzo yekupa urongwa hwemashoko akaverengwa kubva pane zvakananga kuiswa kune imwechete. Iyo yakagadzirirwa uye inoziviswa yakavakwa inoratidza maitiro evanhu nenzira inovabvumira kuti vashandiswe zvakare semabasa.

EXPANSION

Kuwedzerwa kunoitwa pamutsetse wemirairo mushure mekunge wapatsanurwa kuva mazwi. Kune marudzi manomwe ekuwedzerwa kunoitwa: kuwedzera kuwedzera , kuwedzera kuwedzera , parameter uye kuwedzera kushandura , kuraira kushandiswa , kuwedzera arithmetic , shoko kuparadzanisa , uye nzira yekuwedzera .

Mutemo wekuwedzera ndewekuti: kuwedzera kuwedzera, kuwedzera kuwedzera, parameter, kushanduka uye arithmetic kuwedzerwa nekuraira kushandiswa (zvakaitwa nenzira yekurudyi kusvika kurudyi), kuparadzanisa shoko, uye nzira yekuwedzera.

Pazvirongwa zvinogona kuitsigira, pane kuwedzerwa kuwedzerwa kunowanikwa: kushandiswa kwechinzvimbo .

Kuwedzerwa Kwebasa

Kuwedzera kwekushongedza inzira inoshandiswa nemaketani asingasviki. Iyi nzira inofanana neyo nzira yekuwedzera , asi ma filenames akabudiswa haafaniri kuvapo. Nzira dzekusimbiswa dzakasimbiswa dzinotora fomu yekufananidza kusarudzwa, inoteverwa nemakwikwi emaketani akaparadzaniswa nemakumbo pakati pezvikwereti zviviri, zvinoteverwa nesarudzo yakasarudzika. Iyo yekutanga inofanirwa kufungidzirwa kune tambo imwe neimwe iri mukati memaoko, uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvino zvinowananidzwa kune tsvimbo imwe neimwe inoita, kuwedzera kuruboshwe zvichienda kurudyi.

Kushambadzira kwekubata kunogona kuva nenyuchi. Migumisiro yetsamba imwe yakawedzerwa haisati yasarudzwa; kuruboshwe kurongeka kwakachengetedzwa. Somuenzaniso, { d, c, b } e inowedzera ku `ade ace abe '.

Kuwedzera kwekubata kunoitwa zvisati zvaitika, uye chero mhando dzakasiyana nedzimwe kuderedza dzinochengeterwa mumugumisiro. Icho chakanyanyisa. Bash harishandisi chero shanduro yekushandura kune mamiriro ekuwedzera kana kuti zvinyorwa pakati pemakumbo.

Iyi inovakwa inowanzoshandiswa se shorthand apo purogiramu yakajairika yemaketani ekugadzirwa ndeyekureba kupfuura muenzaniso wepamusoro:

mkdir / usr / local / src / bash / {old, new, dist, bugs}

kana

chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}

Kuwedzera kwekushongedza kunotanga zvishoma nezvisinganzwisisiki nezvakaitika kare zvinyorwa zve sh . sh haiti kubata mashizha ekuzarura kana kuvhara zvakanyanya painoonekwa senhengo yeshoko, uye inozvichengetedza mune zvabuda. Bash inobvisa mabhesi kubva pamashoko semigumisiro yekuwedzera kusungira. Semuenzaniso, shoko rakapinda kune sh sefaira {1,2} rinowanikwa zvakafanana mune zvabuda. Izwi rimwechete rinobudiswa sefaira1 file2 mushure mekuwedzera nebhasi . Kana kuwirirana zvakasimba ne sh kunoshuviwa , tanga bash ne B + sarudzo kana kuti kudzivisa kuburitsa kubhii ne + B kusarudza kumirairo yairo (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi).

Tilde Kuwedzera

Kana shoko rinotanga neusingazivikanwi tilde character (` ~ '), vose vanonyanya kutarisa kushandiswa kwekutanga kusati kwamboitwa (kana kuti vanhu vose, kana pasina chekushandurwa zvisina kufanirwa) vanoonekwa sechinyorwa -chirevo chekutanga . Kana pasina mumwe wevanhu vari mumutauro wekutanga-tsvakurudzo ari kutaurwa, mavara ari mu-tilde-prefix mberi kwetini anotorwa sezita rinogona kutumidzwa . Kana zita iri rekutengesa ndiro chisungo chisina kushandiswa, tilde inotsiviwa nehuwandu hwegoogle parameter HOME . Kana HOME isingasunungurwi, musha wekushandisa wekashandisa iyo shell inotsiva panzvimbo. Kana zvisina kudaro, tilde-prefix inotsiviwa neimba yepamusoro inosanganiswa nezita rakatumidzwa zita rekutengesa.

Kana iyo-chirevo chekutanga-chinyorwa chiri `~ + ', kukosha kweropa rePWD rinoshandura rinoshandura nzvimbo yekutanga-tilde. Kana i-tilde-prefix is ​​`` - '', kukosha kwekushanduka kwegoogle OLDPWD , kana yakatemwa, kunotsiviwa. Kana mavara achitevera tilde mumutambo-tilde ane nhamba N , zvichida prefixed ne `+ 'kana` `-', tilde-prefix inotsiviwa nechocho chinowanikwa kubva pane re directory stack, sezvaizoratidzwa nemadzimai akavakwa akavakirwa ne-tilde-prefix sepikisano. Kana mavara achitevera tilde mu-tilde-prefix ane nhamba isina kutungamirira `+ 'kana` -', `+ 'inofungidzirwa.

Kana zita rekutarisa risina kunaka, kana kuwedzera kwekupedzisira kusina, izwi harina kuchinja.

Basa roga roga rinoshandiswa rinotarirwa risina kubvunzwa tilde-prefixes pakarepo rinotevera : kana = . Muzviitiko izvi, kana kuwedzerwa kunoitwawo. Nekudaro, mumwe angashandisa mazita emafaira nema tildes mumabasa kuPATH , MAILPATH , uye CDPATH , uye shell inopa kukosha kwekuwedzera.

Kuwedzera kweparameter

Iyo ' $ $ ' unhu inotanga kupararira kwema parameter, kuraira kushandiswa, kana kukwidziridzwa kwemasvomho. Zita remuenzaniso kana kuti chiratidzo chinogona kuwedzerwa zvingaiswa mukati memaoko, izvo zvingasarudzwa asi zvinoshandisa kuchengetedza shanduko kuti iwedzere kubva kune vashandisi pakarepo iyo inogona kududzirwa sechikamu chezita.

Kana mabhesi achishandiswa, shanduro yekufananidza yekupedzisira ndiyo yekutanga ` } 'isina kupukunyuka nekudzoka shure kana mukati mutsamba yakataurwa, uye kwete mukati mekuwedzera kwema arithmetic, kushandiswa kwemirairo, kana kuparadzanisa kuwedzera.

Kukosha kweparameter kunotsiviwa. Izvo zvinosungirirwa zvinoda kana parameter iri mamiriro ezvinhu ane chidimbu chinopfuura imwe chete, kana kana parameter inoteverwa nemunhu asingafaniri kududzirwa sechikamu chezita racho.

Muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chezviitiko zviri pasi apa, shoko rinotarisirwa kuwedzera kuwedzera, parameter kuwedzera, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kuwedzerwa kwe aritemu. Kana usingaiti shanduko yekuwedzera, shandisa miedzo yeparameter iyo isati yaiswa kana isina; Kusiya chikwata kunoguma muongorori chete kweparameter iyo isingagadziri.

Shandisa Maitiro Akasiyana . Kana parameter isati yaisa kana kuti isina, kuwedzera kwezwi kunotsiviwa. Kana zvisina kudaro, kukosha kweparamende kunotsiviwa.

Sarudza Zvichienderana Nemaonero . Kana parameter isinganetsi kana kusina, kuwedzera kweshoko kunopiwa kudirameter . Kukosha kweparamende inobva yatsiviwa. Positional parameters nemiganhu yepamusoro haigoni kugoverwa nenzira iyi.

Ratidza Chikanganiso kana Kushushikana kana Kusagadzikana . Kana nharaunda isingaiti kana kusasarudzwa, kuwedzera kwemashoko (kana kuti shoko kune izvozvi kana shoko risipo) rakanyorerwa kukanganisa kwakakwana uye shell, kana isingapindirani, inobva. Kana zvisina kudaro, kukosha kweparamende kunotsiviwa.

Shandisa Chimwe Chinokosha . Kana pesarudzo isingaiti kana kuti isasarudze, hapana chinotsiviwa, zvisinei kana kuwedzera kweshoko kunotsiviwa.

Inowedzera kune mazita ezvimwe zvinoshandiswa mazita ayo anotanga nekutanga, akaparadzaniswa nemunhu wekutanga we IFS yakasiyana-siyana.

Kureba muzvinyorwa zvekukosha kweparameter kunotsiviwa. Kana parameter is * kana @ , kukosha kunotsiviwa ndiyo nhamba yemiganhu yemamiriro ezvinhu. Kana parameter isiri zita rakabhadharwa ne * kana @ , kukosha kwakatsiviwa ndiyo nhamba yezvinhu zviri muhuwandu.

Izwi rinowedzerwa kuti rive nemuenzaniso sezvinoitwa nenzira yekuwedzera. Kana iyo inofananidzwa nekutanga kwehuwandu hweparamende , ipapo mugumisiro wekuwedzera ndiko kuwedzerwa kwechimiro cheparamende nechepfupi kuenzanisa purogiramu (iyo `` # '' nyaya) kana kuti yakareba yakafananidza pattern (i `` ## ' 'nyaya) yakabviswa. Kana parameter is @ kana * , kushandiswa kwekufananidzira kunoshandiswa kune imwe nharaunda yemamiriro ezvinhu zvakare, uye kuwedzerwa ibasa rinoguma. Kana parameter inenge yakasiyana-siyana inobatanidzwa ne @ kana * * , kushandiswa kwekufananidzira kunoshandiswa kunhengo imwe neimwe yezvakagadzirwa, uye kuwedzerwa ibasa rinoguma.

Izwi rinowedzerwa kuti rive nemuenzaniso sezvinoitwa nenzira yekuwedzera. Kana iyo iyo inofananidzwa nechikamu chinotevera chekuwedzera kwemaimiramu , ipapo chikonzero chekuwedzera ndicho kukoshesa kwechimiro cheparamende neyo pfupi yakafananidza pattern (iyo `` %% '' nyaya) kana kuti yakareba yakafananidza pattern (i `` % % '' mhaka) yakabviswa. Kana parameter is @ kana * , kushandiswa kwekufananidzira kunoshandiswa kune imwe nharaunda yemamiriro ezvinhu zvakare, uye kuwedzerwa ibasa rinoguma. Kana parameter inenge yakasiyana-siyana inobatanidzwa ne @ kana * * , kushandiswa kwekufananidzira kunoshandiswa kunhengo imwe neimwe yezvakagadzirwa, uye kuwedzerwa ibasa rinoguma.

Iyo muenzaniso inowedzerwa kuti ibudise chimiro sezvainoitwa nenzira yekuwedzera. Parameter yakawedzerwa uye mutsara wakareba wemufananidzo maererano nehuwandu hwayo inotsiviwa neketani . Mune fomu yekutanga, chete mutsara wokutanga unotsiviwa. Nzira yechipiri inokonzera zvose zvakafanana zvemuenzaniso wokutsvaga nechetete . Kana purogiramu inotanga ne # , inofanira kufanana pakutanga kwekuwedzera kweiyo yeparameter . Kana muenzaniso unotanga ne % , inofanirwa kuenzanisa pakuguma kwekuwedzerwa kwechimiro cheparamende . Kana tambo isiri iyo, mitezo yepa pattern inobviswa uye iyo / inotevera purogiramu inogona kubviswa. Kana parameter is @ kana * , kushandiswa kwekushandiswa kunoshandiswa kune imwe nharaunda yemamiriro ezvinhu zvakare, uye kuwedzerwa ibasa rinoguma. Kana parameter inenge yakasiyana-siyana inobatanidza ne @ kana * , kushandiswa kwekushandiswa kunoshandiswa kune nhengo imwe neimwe yezvakagadzirwa, uye kuwedzerwa ibasa rinoguma.

Raira Mutsara

Raira kushandiswa kunobvumira kubuda kwemurairo kuti utsive zita remurairo. Kune miviri miviri:

$ ( command )

kana

` command`

Bash inowedzera kuwedzera kuburikidza nekuita murairo uye kutora nzvimbo yekugadzirisa murairo nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemurairo, uye chero zvitsva zvitsva zvinotevera zvabviswa. Zvinyorwa zvitsva zvitsva hazvibvisi, asi zvinogona kubviswa panguva yekuparadzanisa shoko. Murairo unotsigira $ (kate faira ) inogona kushandiswa neyakaenzana asi inokurumidza $ (< file ).

Apo nzira yekare yekudzokera shure iyo inoshandiswa inoshandiswa, kudzokera shure kunogadzirisa zvinoreva zvayo chaiye kunze kwekuteverwa ne $ , ` , kana \ . Mutsara wokutanga usina kutungamirirwa nere backlash unopedzisa mutemo wokutsvaga. Paunenge uchishandisa iyo $ ( command ) fomu, mazita ose pakati pevabereki vanoita mutemo; hapana chakabatwa zvakanyanya.

Raira kubatsiridzirwa kunogona kuva nendere. Kuti uwane chikafu paunoshandisa fomu yakaderedzwa, pukunyuka mukati memashure mako nemashure.

Kana kuchinjwa kunowanikwa mukati memashoko maviri, kuparadzaniswa kwemashoko uye nzira yekuwedzera hazviitwi pamigumisiro.

Kuwedzerwa kweArithmetic

Kuwedzera kwechiArithmiti kunobvumira kuongororwa kwemashoko echihedheni uye kushandiswa kwechigumisiro. Mamiriro ekugadzirwa kweArithmetic ndeokuti:

$ (( kutaura )

Izwi rinoshandiswa sezvinenge riri mukati memashoko maviri, asi kudzokorodzwa kaviri mukati mevaberekiheses hakurevi kunyanya. Zvose zviratidzo zviri mumashoko zvinowedzera kuparadzirwa kwepamera, tambo yekuwedzera, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kubvisa kudhinda. Aritemetic substitutions ingave yakasikwa.

Iko kuongororwa kunoitwa maererano nemitemo yakanyorwa pasi apa pasi peAVHITIKI YOKUDZIDZA . Kana kutaura kusina kubhadhara, bash rinoshandura mharidzo inoratidza kukanganisa uye kusina kuchinja kunoitika.

Purogiramu Substitution

Nzira yekugadzirisa inotsigirwa pane zvigaro zvinotsigira mazita emapapu ( FIFOs ) kana kuti / dev / fd nzira yekutumidza mafaira akazaruka. Zvinotora fomu ye (( list ) kana > ( urongwa ) . Iro runyorwa urongwa runomhanya nemigumo yaro kana kuti yakabuda yakabatana neFIFO kana imwe faira mu / dev / fd . Zita refaira iyi rinopedzerwa sekupikisana nemurairo wezvino sekuguma kwekuwedzera. Kana iyo > ( rondedzero ) fomu inoshandiswa, kunyora kune faira ichapa mhinduro yeurongwa . Kana iyo <( rongororwa ) fomu inoshandiswa, faira yakapfuurwa sepikisano inofanira kuverengwa kuti iwane zvakabuda pane urongwa .

Kana iripo, kugadzirisa nzvimbo inoshandiswa panguva imwe chete neparameter uye kuwedzera kushandiswa, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kukwidziridzwa kwei arithmetic.

Shoko Kuparadzanisa

Iko shell inotsvaga migumisiro yeparameter kuwedzera, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kuwedzera kwekuita kwemasvomho iyo haina kuitika mukati memashoko maviri ezwi kuparadzaniswa .

Iko shell inobata chimiro chimwe nechimwe che IFS sechirmiter, uye inoparadzanisa migumisiro yeimwe inowedzera mumashoko pamusoro pevanhu ava. Kana IFS isingabvumirwi, kana kukosha kwayo iko chaiyo , yakashata, uye chero kuenzaniswa kwemashizha eFS kunoshumira kubudisa mashoko. Kana IFS iine kukosha kune imwe kunze kweiyo isingagoneki, ipapo kuenzaniswa kwe whitespace vanhu nzvimbo uye tab hazvina kufanirwa pakutanga nekuguma kweshoko, chero bedzi whitespace inhu inokosha ye IFS (iyo IFS whitespace character). Chero unhu huri muFSS husati huri IFS hunobuda, pamwe chete nehupi hwepedyo hweAIDS, hunoisa munda. Mutevedzeri we IFS mavara akasiyana-siyana inobatwawo semutambo. Kana kukosha kwe IFS kusina kunaka, hapana kuparadzaniswa kwezwi kunoitika.

Explicit null arguments ( "" kana kuti '' ) inochengetwa. Hazvibvumirwi zvakashata zvisina kufanira, zvichibva pakuwedzera kwemasarudzo asina maitiro, anobviswa. Kana imwe parameter isina kukosha inowedzerwa mukati memashoko maviri, mhinduro dzisingaiti uye inochengetwa.

Cherechedza kuti kana pasina kuwedzera kunoitika, hapana kuparadzana kunoitwa.

Patiname Kuwedzerwa

Mushure mekuparadzana kwezwi, kunze kwekuti-kana chisarudzo chave chagadziriswa, basha rinotsvaga shoko rimwe nerimwe revanhu, * ? , uye [ . Kana mumwe wevanhu ava achioneka, ipapo izwi rinotaridzirwa semuenzaniso, uye rakatsiviwa nemararamiro akanyorwa nerabhaibheti mazita emafaira akafananidza iyo pattern. Kana kusina mazita akafananidzwa emafisi akawanikwa, uye shell inosarudzwa nullglob yakaremara, shoko rinosara risina kuchinjwa. Kana chisarudzo che- nullglob chakasarudzwa, uye hapana mitsva inowanikwa, shoko rinobviswa. Kana iyo sarudzo yekodhaglob inobvumira, mutambo unoitwa kunze kwekutarisa nyaya yemafabheti . Apo purogiramu inoshandiswa pakuramba zita rekuwedzera, chimiro ``. '' Pakutanga kwezita kana kuti pakarepo mushure mekushandiswa kunofanira kufananidzwa zvakajeka, kunze kwekuti shell inosarudzwa dotglob isarudzwa . Paunenge uchifananidza nzira, zita re slash rinofanira kugara richifananidzwa zvakajeka. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iyo ``. '' Unhu haubatanidzwi zvakananga. Ona tsanangudzo yakaderera pasi pasi peS SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS mukutsanangurwa kwekasekaseglob , nullglob , uye dotglob shell zvingasarudzwa.

IGOBIGNORE shell yakasiyana inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa zvakagadzirirwa mazita mafaira akafananidza chimiro . Kana GLOBIGNORE ichishandiswa , zita rimwe nerimwe rekufananidza iro rinofananidza rimwe remapurogiramu mu GLOBIGNORE rinobviswa kubva pakurongwa kwematambo. Iyo mazita mazita ``. '' Uye `` .. '' anoregererwa nguva dzose, kunyange apo GLOBIGNORE yakagadzirirwa. Zvisinei, kuisa GLOBIGNORE kune mhinduro yekubatsira dotglob shell sarudzo, saka mamwe mazita ose emafaira anotanga ne ``. '' Achafanana. Kuti uwane mararamiro ekare ekuregeredza mazita emafaira achitanga ne ``. '' , Ita ``. * '' Chimwe chemaitiro mu GLOBIGNORE . Chinhu che dotglob chakaremara kana GLOBIGNORE isati yaiswa.

Pattern Matching

Chero unhu hunoonekwa mumutauro, kunze kwevanhu vakanamatira vatsanangudzo vanotsanangurwa pasi apa, zvinofananidzwa pachavo. Nhu unhu hweNUL hunogona kunge husingaiti mufananidzo. Nzira dzakakosha dzevanhu dzinofanira kunyorwa kana dzichifananidzwa chaizvoizvo.

Iyo mienzaniso yevanhu vane zvirevo zvinoreva zvinotevera:

*

Inobatanidza chero tambo, kusanganisira chisina chisina.

?

Match any any character.

[...]

Anobatanidza chero ipi zvayo yakanyorwa. Mhando mbiri dzevarairi dzakaparadzaniswa nehana inoratidza maonero akareba ; chero unhu hunofanana pakati pevanhu vaviri, hunobatanidza, uchishandisa ikozvino kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano uye hunhu hwakatarwa, hunofananidzwa. Kana yekutanga unhu huri kutevera [ i ! kana kuti ... ipapo chero humwe unhu husina kuvharwa hwakafanana. Kurongeka kwevanhu vari mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana kunoratidzwa nenzvimbo yezvino uye kukosha kwe LC_COLLATE shell kushanduka, kana yakagadzirirwa. A - inogona kuenzaniswa nekuisanganisira iyo yekutanga kana yekupedzisira unhu mumutsetse. A ] inogona kuenzaniswa nekuisanganisira iyo yekutanga muitiro.

Mukati [ uye ] , makirasi emhando anogona kutsanangurwa achishandisa syntax [: kirasi :] , apo kirasi ndeimwe yezvikoro zvinotevera zvinotsanangurwa muPOSIX.2 muzinga:

alnum alpha ascii chinyorwa cntrl digit graph pasi print punct space kumusoro kwezwi xdigit
Chimiro chechimiro chinotarisana nehupi hupi hwemunhu uyu. Izwi rehutano boka rinosanganisira tsamba, nhamba, uye chimiro _.

Muchikamu [ uye ] , chikamu chechifananidzi chinogona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa syntax [= c =] , iyo inofananidzwa nevanhu vose vane kuenzana kwemazana (sezvinotsanangurwa nevezvino) semunhu c .

Mukati [ uye ] , chirevo [. mufananidzo .] inofananidzira chiratidzo chekufananidzira .

Kana iyo hoglob shell inoshandiswa inoshandiswa kushandiswa kushandiswa kwakadzika , dzimwe dzakawanda dzakawedzerwa kufanana zvinoenderana nevashandi dzinozivikanwa. Mutsanangudzo inotevera, muenzaniso-urongwa nderwendo rweimwe kana mamwe mapepa akaparadzaniswa ne | . Nzira dzakasiyana dzinogona kuumbwa dzichishandisa rimwe kana kupfuura pane zvinyorwa izvi zvinotevera:

? ( muenzaniso-urongwa )

Matchino zero kana chimwe chiitiko chemaitiro akapiwa

* ( pattern-list )

Matanho zero kana zvimwe zviitiko zvepaipi dzakapiwa

+ ( muenzaniso-urongwa )

Inobatanidza imwe kana kupfuura zviitiko zvepaipi dzakapiwa

@ ( pattern-list )

Matanho chaiwo imwe yemapato akapiwa

! ( pattern-list )

Inobatanidza chero chinhu kunze kweimwe yemapato akapiwa

Quote Removal

Mushure mokunge zvadarika mberi, zvose zvisingabvumirwi kuitika kwevanyori \ , ' , uye " izvo hazvina kubva kune chimwe chezvinhu zvakataurwa pamusoro zvakabviswa.

REDIRECTION

Mutemo usati waitwa, zvayo zvinowanikwa uye zvinogadzirwa zvinogona kutungamirirwa uchishandiswa nheyo inokosha inotsanangurwa ne shell. Kudzorerwa kunogona kushandiswawo kuzarura uye kuvhara mafaira kwemaoko ikozvino yekushandiswa kwemhepo. Izvo zvinotevera redirection operators zvinogona kutangira kana kuoneka kupi mukati memurairo nyore kana kuti zvinogona kutevera mutemo . Zvikomborero zvinoshandiswa muhurongwa hwavanoonekwa, kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi.

Mutsanangudzo inotevera, kana faira inotsanangura nhamba isiripo, uye unhu hwekutanga hwekudzorerazve < , redirection inoreva maitiro anowanikwa (file descriptor 0). Kana yekutanga chimiro chemufambiro wekudzoka >> redirection chinoreva maitiro akazara (file descriptor 1).

Izwi rinotevera redirection muzvinotsanangurwa zvinotevera, kunze kwekunge zvataurwa, zvinoshandiswa kugadzirisa kuwedzera, kuda kuwedzera, parameter kuwedzera, kuraira kushandiswa, kuwedzera arithmetic, kushandiswa kwemashoko, nzira yekuwedzera kuwedzera, uye kuparadzanisa shoko. Kana iyo ichiwedzera kune izwi rinopfuura rimwe chete, bash reports inokanganisa.

Cherechedza kuti urongwa hwekudzokorora hunokosha. Somuenzaniso, murairo

ls > dirlist 2 > & 1

inotungamirira zvose zviyero zvakabuda uye yakakwana kukanganisa kune faira dirlist , nepo murairo

ls 2 > & 1 > dirlist

inotungamirira chete muzinga wekubudisa dirlist , nokuti purogiramu yakazara yaipindirwa semuwandu wehuwandu husati hwasvika huwandu hwehuwandu hwakaendeswa kune dirlist .

Bash inobata zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana pazvinoshandiswa mukudzokorora, sezvinotsanangurwa mutafura inotevera:

/ dev / fd / fd

Kana fd iine integer inobvumirana, fodhi yezvinyorwa fd inodhindwa.

/ dev / stdin

File descriptor 0 inonyorwa.

/ dev / stdout

File descriptor 1 inonyorwa.

/ dev / stderr

File descriptor 2 inonyorwa.

/ dev / tcp / gamba / gedhi

Kana yakagadzirirwa inzvimbo yakakodzera yezita remusangano kana yeIndaneti, uye pikari iyo nhamba yepamusoro yenhamba kana zita rebasa, bashedza kuedza kuzarura TCP kushamwaridzana necheki inofanana.

/ dev / udp / host / port

Kana yakagadzirirwa inzvimbo yakakodzera yezita remusangano kana yeInternet kero, uye pikari iyo nhamba yepamusoro yenhamba kana zita rebasa, bash kuedza kuzarura dhidhi ye UDP kune zvigaro zvakatarisana.

Kukundikana kuzarura kana kugadzira faira kunoita kuti redirection isakundikana.

Kudzorera Input

Kuregererwa kwezvakakonzera kunokonzera faira rine mazita ezita kubva pakuwedzera kweshoko kuti izarurire kuverenga pane firidzi nyora n , kana kuti inowanikwa mairi (file descriptor 0) kana n isati yaiswa.

Izvo zvakarongwa mafaira ekudzosa zvakare mazano ndeokuti:

[ n ] < shoko

Redirecting Chikwata

Kuregererwa kwezvakabuda kunokonzera faira rine mazita ezita kubva pakuwedzera kweshoko kuti izarurire kunyorwa pane firidzi rondedzero n , kana kubuda kwakakwana (file descriptor 1) kana n isati yaiswa. Kana iyo faira isipo iyo yakasikwa; kana iripo iyo inotarirwa kusvika kuzera rezero.

Zvose zvakarongwa zvekudzosazve zvigadzirwa ndezvekuti:

[ n ] > shoko

Kana iyo redirection operator is > , uye chisarudzo chisina kukwana kune yakagadzirirwa yakave yakagadziridzwa, redirection ichakundikana kana faira rine zita rayo kubva pakuwedzera kweshoko riripo uye inogara iri faira. Kana redirection operator is > | , kana kuti redirection operator >> uye chinyorwa chisina kubhadharira kune yakagadziridzwa murairo hachibvumiri, redirection inoedzwa kunyange kana faira inodanwa neshoko iripo.

Appending Redirected Output

Kuregererwa kwezvakabudiswa mumutambo uyu kunokonzera faira rine mazita ayo kubva pakuwedzera kwezwi kuti izarurirwe kufungidzirwa pane firidzi nyora n , kana kuti yakabuda zvakakwana (file descriptor 1) kana n isati yaiswa. Kana iyo faira isipo iyo yakasikwa.

Zvose zvakagadziriswa zvekugadzirisa zvakabuda ndezvi:

[ n ] >> shoko

Kudzokorora Purogiramu Yakatarwa uye Nhamba Yakaipa

Bash inobvumira zvose zvinowanikwa (file descriptor 1) uye inowanikwa kukanganisa kukanganisa (file descriptor 2) kuti idzoserwe kune faira iyo zita iro kuwedzera kwezwi neshoko iri.

Kune miviri miviri yekugadzirisa huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu uye huwandu hwekukanganisa:

&> shoko

and

> & word

Pakati pemhando mbiri, yekutanga inoshandiswa. Izvi zvakafanana zvakafanana

> shoko 2 > & 1

Pano Zvinyorwa

Rudzi urwu rwekudzokorora rinorayira hove kuti ivere kuwanikwa kubva kune ikozvino kubva kune mutsara kusvikira rwonzi rine shoko chete (risina mabheji akatevera) rinoonekwa. Yese yemitsetse yakaverengwa kusvika ipapo iyo inoshandiswa seyo mugove wekuda kwemirairo.

Mhando ye pano-magwaro ndeyekuti:

<< [ - ] shoko pano-document delimiter

Hapana kuwedzera kwemaimiriri, kuraira kushandiswa, kuwedzerwa kwei arithmetic, kana nzira yekuwedzera kunowanikwa neshoko . Kana chero nhengo dziri muzwi dzinodzokororwa, mutemiter ndeye mugumisiro wekutora kushandiswa kwezwi , uye mitsetse iri pano-inyandiko haisati yakurudzirwa. Kana shoko risina kubvunzwa, mitsetse yose yeiyo-nyanzvi inotungamirirwa neparameter kuwedzera, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kuwedzerwa kwe arithmetic. Muchikamu chekupedzisira, hutano hwekutevedzera \ hauna hanya, uye \ inofanira kushandiswa kudzokorora vanhu \ , $ , uye ` .

Kana iyo redirection operator iri << - , ipapo dzose dzinotungamirira mavara temavara dzakabviswa kubva mumitsetse yekunyorera uye mutsara unenge wakagadzirisa. Izvi zvinobvumira pano-zvinyorwa mukati mezvinyorwa zvemaoko kuti zvive zvakagadzirwa nenzira yepanyama.

Pano Kunesimba

Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinyorwa pano, maitiro ndeokuti:

<<< word

Izwi rinowedzera uye rinowanikwa kune murairo pahuwandu hwaro.

Duplicating File Descriptors

The redirection operator

[ n ] <& word

inoshandiswa kudhinda mafaira ekupinza zvinyorwa. Kana shoko rinowedzera kune imwe kana kupfuura madijita, faira rinotsanangurwa rinotsanangurwa n rinoshandiswa kuva kopi yeyo faira descriptor. Kana iyo nhamba muzwi isingatauri faira rinotsanangura kuzarurirwa kuiswa, redirection error inowanikwa. Kana shoko rinotarisa ku-, faira descriptor n yakavharwa. Kana n isati yatsanangurwa, iyo inowanikwa (standard descriptor 0) inoshandiswa.

The operator

[ n ] > & izwi

inoshandiswa zvakafanana kudzokorora zvinyorwa faira zvinotsanangura. Kana n isati yatsanangurwa, iyo yakabuda inowanikwa (firiro rinotsanangura 1) inoshandiswa. Kana iyo nhamba muzwi isinganzwisisi firiro rinotsanangurwa rakazarurirwa kuti ribudiswe, redirection error inowanikwa. Sezvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha, kana n isingabvumirwi, uye shoko haritauri kune rimwe kana kupfuura madijiti, chiyero chinowanikwa uye chakakanganiswa kukanganisa zvakadzoserwa sezvakatsanangurwa kare.

Moving File Descriptors

The redirection operator

[ n ] <& digit -

inoshandura firiro inotsanangura nhamba kuti ipe zvinyorwa n , kana kuti inowanikwa mairi (file descriptor 0) kana n isati yaiswa. chidimbu chakavharwa mushure mekunyorwa kune n .

Saizvozvowo, redirection operator

[ n ] > & digit -

inoshandura firiro inotsanangura firimu kuti ipe zvinyorwa n , kana kuti inowanikwa yakakwana (file descriptor 1) kana n isati yaiswa.

Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing

The redirection operator

[ n ] <> shoko

inokonzera faira iyo zita rayo kuwedzera kwezwi kuti rizarurire zvose kuverenga nekunyora pane firiro rinotsanangura n , kana pane faira rinotsanangura 0 kana n isati yaiswa. Kana iyo faira isipo, yakasikwa.

ZVIMWE

Zvinyorwa zvinotendera kuti tambo ishandiswe kune shoko kana inoshandiswa sezwi rokutanga rerairo iri nyore. Iko shell inonyora urongwa hwezvinyorwa zvinogona kugadziriswa uye zvisingagadziriswi nemayas uye yakaas builtin mirairo (ona SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi). Izwi rekutanga remurairo umwe neumwe, kana risina kubvunzwa, rinotariswa kuti rione kana rine zvinyorwa. Kana zviri izvo, shoko iro rinotsiviwa nemashoko e-alias. Zita rakashandurwa uye zita rinoshandiswa rinogona kunge rine chero ipi zvayo yakakosha inopinza, kusanganisira metacharacters yakanyorwa pamusoro, kunze kwekuti zita rezita risingawaniki = . Izwi rekutanga rekushandurwa kwemashoko rinoongororwa kune zvibvumirano, asi shoko rakafanana neanas riri kuwedzerwa haritauri rwechipiri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mumwe angave alias ls ku- l-F , somuenzaniso, uye bash hairi kuedza kudzokorora kuwedzerwa kunyorerwa kwemashoko. Kana munhu wekupedzisira weaaas inokosha isingawaniki , ipapo izwi rinotevera rekutevera rinotevera mairi rinotarirwawo nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera.

Zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa uye zvinorongedzwa nemirairo yeanas , uye zvakabviswa neyayas command.

Hapana nzira yekushandisa nharo mubhuku rinotsiviwa. Kana nharo dzichidikanwa, ganda rinoshanda rinofanira kushandiswa (ona MISORO iri pasi).

Zvinyorwa hazviwanzowedzerwa kana shell isingatauriki, kunze kwekuti expand_aliases shell sarudzo inoshandiswa uchishandisa shopt (ona tsanangudzo yakaderera pasi peS SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi).

Mitemo ine chokuita nekutsanangurwa uye kushandiswa kwezvibvumirano zvinosvibisa. Bash nguva dzose anoverenga kanenge imwe mutsara wakazara wekugovera asati aita chero ipi zvayo yemirairo pamutsara iwoyo. Zvinyorwa zvinowedzera kana murairo uchiverengwa, kwete kana ichiitwa. Nokudaro, shanduro yeanasasi inowanikwa pamutsara mumwechete sekuti umwe murairo haubatanidzwi kusvikira mutsara unotevera wekupinza uchiverengwa. Mirairo inotevera tsanangudzo yezvinyorwa pamutsara iwoyo haibatanidzwi nemamwe matsva. Iyi miitiro inyayawo kana mabasa achiitwa. Zvinyorwa zvinowedzera kana tsanangudzo yebasa iri kuverengwa, kwete kana basa racho richiitwa, nokuti tsanangudzo yebasa iri pachayo murairo wekugadzira. Somugumisiro, zvibvumirano zvinotsanangurwa mubasa hazviwanikwi kusvikira mushure mokunge basa racho raitwa. Kuti ugare wakachengeteka, nguva dzose isa marudzi ekutsanangurwa pane imwe nheyo, uye usashandise alias mumirairo yemagumbe.

Pamusoro pechinangwa chega chega, zvigaro zvinoshandiswa nehombodo zvinoshanda.

MISANGO

A shell function, rinotsanangurwa sezvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa pasi peS SHELL GRAMMAR , inochengetedza mitezo yemirairo yekuzourayiwa gare gare. Apo zita re shell rinoshanda rinoshandiswa sezita rinorema murairo, urongwa hwemirairo inobatanidza neyoyo basa rinoshandiswa. Mabasa anoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu epakona irizvino; hapana nzira itsva yakasikwa kuti iidudzire (rondedzera izvi pamwe nekushandiswa kweshoko re shell). Apo basa rinourawa, nharo dzebasa dzichava mamiririro emamiriro panguva yekuitwa kwayo. Iko inokosha parameter # inoshandiswa kuratidza shanduko. Positional parameter 0 haina kuchinjwa. Iko shanduko yeFUNCNAME yakagadzirirwa kune zita rebasa apo basa riri kuita. Zvimwe zvikamu zvose zvegadziriro yekushandiswa kwekodhi zvakafanana pakati pebasa nemunhu akadanidzira kunze kwekuti chirongwa cheDBB (ona tsanangudzo yemusungo yakagadzirirwa pasi peSELLELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi apa) haigari nhaka kunze kwekuti basa rakapiwa muitiro wekutsvaga ( ona tsanangudzo yezvinyorwa zvakavakwa pasi).

Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa munzvimbo inoenda kumabasa zvinogona kuziviswa nemutemo wekuvakwa. Kazhinji, zvipimo uye maitiro avo akagoverwa pakati pebasa racho nemunhu akadanidzira.

Kana iyo yakagadzirwa murairo inodzoka ichiitwa mubasa, basa rinopedzisa nekuita rinotanga zvakare nemirairo inotevera mushure mekushanya kwebasa. Apo basa rinopera, maitiro emimiridzo yepositi uye parameter yakatarwa # yakadzoserwa kuhutsika dzavaiva nadzo kushanda kwekuita.

Basa rinoshandiswa mazita uye tsanangudzo zvingave zvakanyorwa ne--kusarudzo yekuzivisa kana kuisa mitemo yakagadzirwa. I -F chisarudzo chekutaura kana kuisa zvinyorwa zvinonyora mazita mazita chete. Basa rinogona kutengeswa kuitira kuti zvigadziriswe zviite zvichitsanangurwa zvacho ne--kusarudzo kune zvekutengeswa kwakagadzirwa.

Basa rinogona kunge richidzoka. Hapana muganhu unogadziriswa kuwandu hwekudanidzira kunowanikwa.

KUVARIDZA KWEA ARITHMETIC

Ikobvu inobvumira mashoko ekutenda kuti aongororwe, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu (onai rekuvakwa kwekuvakwa nekurairirwa kweArithmetic ). Kuongororwa kunoitwa mu-fixed-width integers pasina chekuita kuti ufukidze, kunyange kupatsanurwa ne 0 kuchibatwa uye kwakarongerwa sechikanganiso. Vashandi uye avo vanotangira uye kushamwaridzana zvakafanana neyo mutauro C. Inotevera mutsara wevashandi vanobatanidzwa kuva mazinga eenzana-anotangira vatengesi. Nhamba idzi dzakarongwa mumutemo wekuderera mberi.

id ++ id -

kushanduka kushandiswa-kukuwedzera uye mushure-mutengo

++ id - id

variable pre-increment uye pre-decrement

- +

unary minus uye plus

! ~

kunonzwisisika uye kusagadzikana kusagutsikana

**

exponentiation

*%

kuwedzera, kupatsana, kusara

+ -

kuwedzera, kubvisa

<< >>

kuruboshwe uye kurudyi bitwise shifts

<=> = <>

kuenzanisa

==! =

kuenzana uye kusaenzana

&

bitwise AND

^

bitwise exclusive OR

|

bitwise OR

&&

zvine musoro uye

||

zvine musoro OR

expr ? expr : expr

conditional evaluation

= = = = = = = = = = = << = >> = & = ^ = = =

basa

expr1 , expr2

comma

Shell variables vanobvumirwa sevashandi; parameter kuwedzera kunoitwa mushure mekutaura kuri kuongororwa. Mukati mezwi, zvigadziridzo zvegomba zvinogonawo kutaridzwa nezita risina kushandisa parameter kuwedzera sarudzo. Kukosha kweshanduko kunoongororwa semashoko ekutenda apo inotaurwa. A shell inoshandiswa haifaniri kuva nehuwandu hwayo hwekushandiswa huchishandiswa kushandiswa.

Ma Constant ane chinotungamirira 0 anoshandurwa se nhamba dze octal. Inotungamirira 0x kana 0X inoreva hexadecimal. Kana zvisina kudaro, nhamba dzinotora fomu [ nheyo # ] n, iyo nheyo iri nhamba yekupedzisira pakati pe2 ne64 inomiririra nheyo ye arithmetic, uye n iyo nhamba muchengeti iyo. Kana nheyo # isingabvumirwi, ipapo nheyo 10 inoshandiswa. Nhamba dzinodarika makumi mapfumbamwe dzinomiririrwa netsamba shoma, tsamba dzinowedzera, @, uye _, mune izvi. Kana zvigaro zvisingasviki kana zvakaenzana ne 36, lowercase uye mabhii mazita anogona kushandiswa kushandurana kunomiririra nhamba pakati pe10 ne35.

Mafambisi anotaridzirwa nenzira yekutangira. Mutsara-mazwi mumakabhesi anoongororwa kutanga uye angapfurikidza mberi kwekutanga mitemo iri pamusoro apa.

ZVIMWE ZVOKUDZIDZA

Mhedziso inoshandiswa inoshandiswa ne [[ mutemo wekombiyamu uye muedzo uye [ builtin inorayira kuongorora mafungiro emafuta uye kuita chiyero uye kuenzanisa kwechirongwa. Mashoko anoumbwa kubva kune aya anotevera asina kubhadhara kana bhinary primaries. Kana chero firipi inopikisana kune imwe yezvinyorwa ndeye fomu / dev / fd / n , ipapo faira descriptor n inotariswa. Kana iyo fikisano yefaira kune imwe yezvinyorwa ndeimwe ye / dev / stdin , / dev / stdout , kana / dev / stderr , file descriptor 0, 1, kana 2, maererano, inotariswa.

-a faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo.

-b faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye ibhuku rinonyanya kukosha.

-c faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye iine chimiro chakakosha faira.

-d faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inotora.

-faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo.

-f file

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye iri faira nguva dzose.

-g file

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inogadzirirwa-boka-id.

-h file

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inofananidzira chibatanidzwa.

-k file

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye iyo `` sticky '' bit yakagadzirirwa.

-p file

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inonzi pipe inonzi (FIFO).

-r faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inoverengwa.

-s file

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye ine uwandu hukuru kupfuura zero.

-t fd

Ichokwadi kana faira inotsanangura fd yakasununguka uye inoreva kuguma.

-u faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye bit-user-id bit yacho yakagadzirirwa.

-w faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inonyorwa.

-x file

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inoshandiswa.

-O faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inenge iine idhi yevashandi.

-G file

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inenge iine id idhini yeboka.

-L faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye inofananidzira chibatanidzwa.

-S faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye icheketi.

-N faira

Ichokwadi kana faira iripo uye yakashandurwa sezvo yakapedzisira kuverengwa.

faira1 - nt file2

Ichokwadi kana faira1 iri itsva (maererano nekushandurwa kwezuva) pane faira2 , kana kana faira iripo uye faira2 haiti.

faira1 - ot file2

Ichokwadi kana faira1 yakakura kudarika file2 , kana kana file2 iripo uye faira1 haiti.

file1 -ef file2

Ichokwadi kana faira1 uye faira2 ichitaura kune imwecheteyo uye inode nhamba.

-o optname

Ichokwadi kana shell inosarudza optname inobvumira. Ona urongwa hwezvingasarudzwa pasi pekutsanangurwa kwe--kusarudza kune yakagadzirirwa pasi apa.

-z tambo

Ichokwadi kana urefu hwetambo huri zero.

-n tambo

string

Ichokwadi kana urefu hwetambo husiri zero.

rwonzi1 == string2

Ichokwadi kana zvidzitiro zvakaenzana. = inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo ye == yePOSIX yakasimba.

tambo1 ! tambo2

Ichokwadi kana nheyo dzisina kuenzana.

string1 < string2

Ichokwadi kana tambo1 isati isati yatanga tambo2 lexicographically munzvimbo ino.

string1 > string2

Ichokwadi kana tambo1 mitambo mushure me string2 lexicographically munzvimbo ino.

arg1 OP arg2

CHO chimwe che-- q , -ne , -in , -le , -gt , kana -ge . Aya mabhizinesi ekubatisa mabhinti anodzoka zvechokwadi kana arg1 yakaenzana, isiri yakaenzana ne, pasi, kudarika kana kuenzana, yakakura kudarika, kana yakakura kudarika kana yakaenzana ne arg2 , maererano. Arg1 uye arg2 inogona kuva yakanaka kana yakaipa integer.

KUSAITA KUTAURWA KWECHOKWADI

Apo mutemo usina kujeka unourawa, shell inogadzira zvinotevera, kugovera, nekudzokorora, kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi.

1. Mashoko akataurwa nomuparidzi akaita shanduko dzakasiyana (iyo inotangira zita remirairo) uye kudzorerwa kunoponeswa kwekugadzirwa kwekupedzisira.

2. Mashoko asina kushandiswa zvakasiyana kana kudzorerwa anowedzera. Kana mamwe mazwi achiripo mushure mekuwedzera, shoko rekutanga rinotorwa kuti rive zita remurairo uye mazwi akasara ndiwo maonero.

3.Redirections inoitwa sezvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa pasi pe REDIRECTION .

4. Mutsara mushure mokunge = muga yega yega inoshandiswa inowedzera kuwedzera, kuparadzanisa kuwedzera, kuraira kushandiswa, kuwedzera masvomhu, uye kubviswa kwemashoko vasati vagoverwa kushanduka.

Kana pasina zita rekuraira zita rinoguma, shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobata maitiro epanguva ino. Kana zvisina kudaro, zvipembenene zvinowedzerwa kune zvakatipoteredza murairo wakaraswa uye hazvibatsiri ikozvino ganda yemamiriro ezvinhu. Kana imwe yemabasa akaedza kugovera kukoshesa kuverengeka kwekuverenga, iko kukanganisa kunowanikwa, uye murairo unobva nechinzvimbo chisina zero.

Kana pasina mazita ekuraira zita, kudzorerwa kunoitwa, asi hazvivhiringidzi ikozvino kwemahombekombe. Chimwe chikanganiso chekudzokorora chinokonzera mutemo wekubuda nechinzvimbo chisina zero.

Kana pane zita rekuraira rakasara mushure mekuwedzera, mari yekuita sekurondedzerwa pasi apa. Kana zvisina kudaro, mutemo unobva. Kana imwe yezvakawedzerwa iine mutemo wokugadzirisa, nzvimbo yekubuda yemurairo ndiyo mamiriro ekudzoka kwekupedzisira murairo unotsiviwa. Kana pakanga pasina mutemo kubatsirana, mutemo unobva nehuwandu hwezero.

KUTONGA KUTONGA

Mushure mokunge murairo waparadzaniswa kuva mazwi, kana izvi zvichiguma nemurairo wakangwara uye sarudzo inosarudzwa yemakakatanwa, zviito zvinotevera zvinotorwa.

Kana zita rerairo risina slashes, shell inotsvaka kuiwana. Kana pane chiganda chinoshanda nezita iro, basa iroro rinoshandiswa sezvinorondedzerwa pamusoro apa MISORO . Kana zita racho risina kufanana nebasa, iyo shell inoitsvaga muurongwa hwego shell builtins. Kana mutsara unowanikwa, iyo buildin inoshandiswa.

Kana zita racho harisi shell kana basa rakavakwa, uye risina slashes, bash hunotsvaga chimwe nechimwe chePATH nokuda kwechadha rine faira inoshandiswa nezita iro. Bash anoshandisa tafura ye hash kuti ayeuke mazamu akazara emafaira akashandiswa (ona iri pasi peSELLELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pasi). Tsvakurudzo yakazara yehutungamiri muPATH inowanikwa chete kana mutemo hauwanikwi mutafura ye hash. Kana tsvakurudzo isingagoneki, shell inonyora mhosho yemashoko uye inodzorera mamiriro ekubuda e 127.

Kana tsvakurudzo iri kubudirira, kana kuti zita rerairo rine rine rimwe kana kupfuura, shato inoshandisa iyo inonzi chirongwa mune imwe nzvimbo yekushandura. Kupikisana 0 kwakagadzirirwa kune zita rakapiwa, uye nharo dzakasara kumurairo dzakagadzirirwa kune zvikonzero zvakapiwa, kana pane.

Kana kukanganisa uku kukakundikana nokuti faira haisi mukugadzirisa mafaira, uye faira haisi yero, inofungidzirwa kuva script shell , faira ine mirairo yego shell. Shanduro inoburitswa kuti iite. Izvi zvinyorwa zvakare, kuitira kuti mhedzisiro yakaita sokunge kuti goroza idzva raive richidaidzwa kuti riite script, kunze kwekuti nzvimbo yemirairo inorangarirwa nemubereki (ona iri pasi apa pasi peS SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ) inotsigirwa nemwana.

Kana purogiramu iyi faira inotanga ne #! , yakasara yemutsara wokutanga inotsanangura muturikiri wepurogiramu. Iko shell inoshandisa muturikiri akafanirwa pamashandisirwo ekushanda asingatauri maitiro anobudirira ivo pachavo. Nhaurirano kumuturikiri inosanganisira imwe sarudzo imwe chete inotevera mushure mutsananguriri zita pamutsara wekutanga wegurogiramu, inoteverwa nezita regurogiramu, inoteverwa nemashoko ekuraira, kana pane.

KUDZISA KUTONGA MUZVIMBO

Iko shell ine nzvimbo yekuuraya , inosanganisira zvinotevera:

* kuzarura mafaira akapiwa nhaka nekombe panguva yekukumbira, sekugadziriswa nekudzorerwa kunoendeswa kune zvakaitwa

* ikozvino kushanda sarudzo sezvakagadzirwa ne cd , pushd , kana popd , kana kuti inotorwa nehogo pakukumbira

* faira yekusika mafashoni masikisi sezvakagadzirirwa umask kana kuti nhaka kubva kumubereki wehombe

* Misungo yemazuva ano yakasungwa nemusungo

* shell maparadziro ayo anogadziriswa nekushandura basa kana kuti yakagadzirirwa kana inotorwa kubva kumubereki wekombe mumamiriro ezvinhu

* shell inoshanda inotsanangurwa panguva yekuurayiwa kana kupiwa nhaka kubva mubereki wekombe mumamiriro ezvinhu

* sarudzo dzakagadzirirwa pakunyengetera (zvichida nekusavapo kana nemirairo-mutsara mutsara) kana nekuiswa

* sarudzo dzakagadzirwa ne shopt

* zvikafu zvinokonzerwa nemaoko

* maitiro akasiyana-siyana ID, kusanganisira ayo emabasa ekure, kukosha kwe $$ , uye kukosha kwe $ PPID

Apo mharidzo iri nyore kunze kweiyo yakagadzirwa kana shell inoshanda inofanira kuurayiwa, inoshandiswa mune imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana yekuuraya inosanganisira zvinotevera. Kunze kwekunge pane zvimwe zvataurwa, maitiro anotora nhaka kubva kuhombe.

* mahwendefa akavharika egobvu, pamwe chete nekugadziriswa uye kuwedzerwa kunotsanangurwa nekudzorerwa kumurairo

* ikozvino kushanda rekushandisa

* faira yekusika mafashoni mask

* shell zvigadziriswa zvakatumirwa kutengeswa, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa kutengeswa kwemurairo, zvakapfuura mumhepo

* Misungo yakabatwa nekombodzwa inodzokera kuhutano hwakagara nhaka kubva kumubereki wegobhori, uye misungo isingabvumi nehombodo isingarohwi

Murairo unobvunzwa munharaunda iyi yakasiyana haugone kuchinja mamiriro ekushandiswa kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi.

Raira kushandura uye mirairo yeasynchronous inoshandiswa mumhepo inonzi subshell iyo inonyorwa yemuumbi wekanda, kunze kwekuti misungo yakabatwa nehokorora inodzokorora kune maitiro ayo shell yakagara nhaka kubva kumubereki wayo pakukumbira. Kuvakwa kwemirairo iyo inoshandiswa sechikamu chepayipi inourawa zvakare mumusangano we subshell. Kuchinja kunokonzerwa nemhepo inonzi subshell hakugoni kuchinja mamiriro ekugadzirisa kwema shell.

Kana mutemo unoteverwa ne & & control yekushanda haisi kushanda, kushandiswa kwekugara kwemurairo ndeye isina chinhu file / dev / null . Kana zvisina kudaro, mutemo unobvunzwa unowana nhaka yezvinyorwa zvinotsanangurwa zveholl shell sezvakashandurwa nekudzokorora.