Traceroute - Linux Command - Unix Command

traceroute - shandura iyo nzira packets dzinotora kune network network

Zvinyorwa

traceroute [ -dFInrvx ] [ -f first_ttl ] [ -g gateway ]

[ -i chirevo ] [ -m max_ttl] [ -p port ]

[ -q nqueries ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -t tos ]

[ -w nguva yekumirira ] [ -z pausemsecs ]

host [ packetlen ]

Tsanangudzo

IInternet iyi yakakura uye yakaoma yakawanda ye network network, yakabatana pamwe nemasuo. Kuchengetedza nzira iyo imwe mapeti inotevera (kana kuwana yakaipa gateji iyo iri kurasa mapeti ako) inogona kuva yakaoma. Traceroute inoshandisa IP protocol 'nguva yekurarama' munda uye inoedza kubudisa mhinduro ye ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED kubva kune rimwe gedhi riri munzira inoenda kune imwe nzvimbo.

Iyo chete inogadziriswa parameter ndiyo iyo nzvimbo yekuenda kune imwe nzvimbo kana nhamba yeI IP . Shanduro yekutsvaga yakatarisa yakareba yakareba makumi mana , asi izvi zvinogona kuwedzerwa nekuratidza urefu hwepaketani (mumabhete) mushure mokunge zita rinosvika.

Zvimwe zvingasarudzwa ndezvi:

-f

Ita nguva yekutanga-ku-kurarama inoshandiswa mukutanga purogiramu yeprobe packet.

-F

Isai "musaparadzana" bit.

-d

Ita kuti shanduko yekugadzirisa dhigirii.

-g

Taurai nzira isina kusimba inowanikwa mumugwagwa (8 marefu).

-i

Taurai network network kuti muwane kero yeIndaneti yemapuraneti ekubuda. Izvi zvinowanzobatsira chete pane vanhu vakawanda vane hanya. (Onai - mureza weimwe nzira yekuita izvi.)

-I

Shandisa ICMP ECHO pane UDP datagrams.

-m

Isa nguva yakawanda-yekugara-mahombekiti akawanda emahombodo) inoshandiswa pakutsvaga mapepa emapuroti. Izvo zvisingaiti ndeye 30 hoops (iyo inoshandiswa kushandiswa yeTCP ma connections).

-n

Shingairira mahofisi emahofisi panzvimbo pane kufananidzira uye nenhamba (inochengetedza mazita ezitaerver yezita rekuona kune rimwe gedhi rinowanikwa mumugwagwa).

-p

Isa dhesi ye UDP yenhamba inoshandiswa mu probes (yakakwana 33434). Traceroute anotarisira kuti hapana chinoteerera pane UDP ports base kuti igove + nhops - 1 panzvimbo yekuenda kune imwe nzvimbo (saka ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE mhinduro ichadzorerwa kuzogumisa nzira yekutsvaga). Kana chimwe chinhu chiri kuterera pane chikwata mumutambo usingasviki, sarudzo iyi inogona kushandiswa kusarudza bhanhire risina kushandiswa.

-r

Pfuura nepakati pemigwagwa yakawanda uye tumira zvakananga kumunhu pane imwe nheyo yakabatana. Kana iyo yakagadzirirwa isiri pamusangano wakanyatsobatanidzwa, iko kukanganisa kunodzorerwa. Iyi sarudzo inogona kushandiswa kuisa ping mumwe wevanhu vekune imwe nzvimbo kuburikidza nehutachiona husina nzira kuburikidza nayo (semuenzaniso, mushure mokutaura kwacho kwakadonhedzwa nokufamba (8C)).

-s

Shandisa idilesi ye IP inotevera (iyo inowanzopiwa senhamba ye IP, kwete zita remusangano) seyo inotora mazita mumapurotete anobuda abuda. Pamakwikwi akawanda anokanganisa (avo vane anopfuura imwe kero ye IP), sarudzo iyi inogona kushandiswa kumanikidza kero rekuita kuti rive chimwe chinhu kunze kweIndaneti ye-interface iyo probe packet inotumirwa. Kana iyo IP yekero isiri imwe yemakiratidziro emasikirini aya, mhosho inodzorerwa uye hapana chinotumirwa. (Ona i-mureza kune imwe nzira yekuita izvi.)

-t

Ita rudzi-rwe-basa muprobeti mapeti kusvika kune inotevera inokosha (zero default). Kukosha kunofanirwa kuve muwandisi wepamusoro mu-range kusvika 0 kusvika ku 255. Iyi sarudzo inogona kushandiswa kuona kana zvakasiyana-siyana-zvebasa zvichiguma nenzira dzakasiyana. (Kana iwe usingashandisi 4.4bsd, izvi zvingave zvidzidzo kubva pane zvakananga network network se telnet uye ftp musakurege iwe uchitungamirire TOS). Hasi yose mitemo yeTOS inobvumirwa nemutemo kana inoreva - ona IP spec for definitions. Nzira dzinobatsira pangangodaro ` -t 16 '(kuderera kunonoka) uye` -t 8 ' (yakakura kupinza).

-v

Verbose output. Yakagamuchira ICMP mapetete kunze kweTIME_EXCEEDED uye KUNYORESA yakanyorwa.

-w

Isa nguva (mumaminitsi mashoma) kumiririra mhinduro kune probe (kusasara 5 sec.).

-x

Toggle ip checksums. Kazhinji, izvi zvinodzivirira traceroute kubva kuverenga ip checksums. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, chirongwa chekushandisa chinogona kunyora chikamu chepaketeni inodonha asi kwete kuidzokorora checksum (saka pane dzimwe nguva kusakirwa ndechokuti usaverenge checksums uye kushandisa -x kunoita kuti zvivekwe). Cherechedza kuti checksums inowanzodiwa yekutora hop apo uchishandisa ICMP ECHO probes ( -I ). Saka vanogara vachiverengwa kana vachishandisa ICMP.

-z

Isa nguva (mu milliseconds) kuti usiye pakati peprobes (default 0). Zvimwe zvirongwa zvakadai saSolaris uye ma routers akadai seCiscos muganhu wemigumo icmp. Chinhu chakanaka chekushandisa neiyi iyi 500 (semuviri wepiri).

Iyi purogiramu inoedza kutevera nzira iyo IP packet ingatevedzera kune imwe nzvimbo yekutambira nekutumira UDP probe packets nediki ttl (nguva yekurarama) nekuteerera ICMP "nguva yakapfuura" kupindura kubva pasuo. Tinotanga tsvakurudzo dzedu ne ttl imwe uye kuwedzera nemumwe kusvikira tawana ICMP "pisitiri risingabviriki" (izvo zvinoreva kuti tinofanira kusvika "kugadzirira") kana kurova max (iyo inokanganisa kusvika makumi matatu 30) uye inogona kushandurwa ne -m mureza). Zviratidzo zvitatu (shandura ne- iq flag) zvinotumirwa pane imwe neimwe ttl uye mutsara unoparidzirwa unoratidza ttl, kero ye gedhi uye nguva yekutenderera nguva ye probe imwe neimwe. Kana shanduro dzemhinduro dzichibva kune dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana, kero yega yega yekuita sarudzo ichadhindwa. Kana pasina mhinduro mukati memakore mashanu. nguva yekufamba kwenguva (yakashandurwa ne --b flag), "*" inonyorwa kudhindwa iyo.

Hatidi kuenda kunopinda kuti tishandise tsvakurudzo dzeDPP mapetekiti kuitira kuti nzvimbo yekufambisa inotarirwa kune inotarisirwa kukosha (kana imwe yevhavha iri kuenda kunoshandisa kukosha kwakadaro, inogona kushandurwa ne-p-flag).

Muenzaniso unoshandiswa uye zvinogadzirwa zvinogona kuva:

[yak 71]% traceroute nis.nsf.net. traceroute ku nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), 30 hoops max, 38 byte pakiti 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 19 ms 19 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32. 216.1 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms 5 ccn -newif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 40 ms 59 ms 59 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 59 ms 8 129.140. 70.13 (129.140.70.13) 99 ms 99 ms 80 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms 11 nicmmerit.edu (35.1 .19) 239 ms 239 ms 239 ms

Cherechedza kuti mitsara 2 & 3 yakafanana. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekrugel kernel pa 2 hop system - lbl-csam.arpa - iyo inotakura mapeti ane zero ttl (bug in the version distributed of 4.3BSD). Cherechedza kuti unofanira kufungidzira kuti mapeti ari kutora nyika yakawanda sei sezvo NSFNet (129.140) isingatauri mazita ekushandurwa kwezita kweNSSs.

Chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza ndechekuti:

[yak 72]% traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu. traceroute ku allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), 30 hoops max 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 19 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 19 ms 39 ms 39 ms 5 ccn-nerif22 40 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 59 ms 119 ms 39 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 39 ms 8 129.140.70.13 ( 129.140.70.13) 80 ms 79 ms 99 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 139 ms 159 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 199 ms 180 ms 300 ms 11 129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17) 300 ms 239 ms 239 ms 12 * * 13 128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72) 259 ms 499 ms 279 ms 14 * * 15 * * 16 * 17 * 18 * ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26) .0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 ms

Cherechedza kuti masuo 12, 14, 15, 16 & 17 anozorora kana kutumira ICMP "nguva yakapfuura" kana kutumira ne ttl duku kudarika kwatiri. 14 - 17 vari kutamba MIT C Gateway code iyo isingatumi "nguva inopfuura" s. Mwari chete anoziva zviri kuitika na12.

Nzira yakanyarara 12 iri pamusoro apa inogona kunge iri mugumisiro wegurusi mune 4. [BSD network code (uye zvigadzirwa zvayo): 4.x (x <= 3) anotumira shoko risingagoneki kushandisa chero chero ttl inoramba iri mune chepakutanga datagram. Sezvo, kune masuo, iyo yakasara ttl is zero, ICMP "nguva inopfuura" inopihwa kuti isati yadzose kwatiri. Kuita kwechiguchi ichi chinonyanya kufadza kana chichioneka pane nzvimbo yekuenda:

1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 39 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1 ) 19 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 19 ms 5 ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 csgw. Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254) 39 ms 59 ms 39 ms 7 * * 8 * * 9 * * 10 * * 11 * * 12 * * 13 rip.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.131.22) 59 ms! 39 ms! 39 ms!

Cherechedza kuti pane 12 "masuo" (13 ndiyo nzvimbo yekupedzisira) uye chaizvoizvo hafu yekupedzisira ye "inoshaiwa". Chaizvoizvo chiri kuitika ndechokuti kubvarura (Sun-3 inoshandisa Sun OS3.5) iri kushandisa ttl kubva patinosvika datagram sekuti ttl mumhinduro yake ye ICMP. Saka, mhinduro ichazobuda panguva yekudzoka (pasina chiziviso chakatumirwa kune mumwe munhu kubvira apo ICMP haisati yatumirwa kuImicP) kusvikira taongorora ne ttl iyo inenge kaviri nzira yakakura. Ini, kubvarura ndeye hupfumi chete. Mhinduro iyo inodzoka ne ttl ye1 inonzwisisika dambudziko iri iripo. Traceroute inonyora "!" mushure mekunge kana ttl iri <= 1. Sezvo vatengesi vachitumira zvakawanda zvisingashandisi (DEC's Ultrix, Sun 3.x) kana kuti kwete-standard (HPUX) software, vanotarisira kuona dambudziko iri nguva dzose uye / kana kutarisira kutora chinangwa hondo yeprobes yako.

Dzimwe nhaurwa dzinogona kuitika mushure mekunge nguva iri ! H,! N , kana ! P (yakasangana, network kana prototi isingachagoniki),! S (nzira inotangira nzira yakakundikana) ,! F- (kupatsanurwa kunoda - RFC1191 Pati MTU Discovery value inoratidzwa), ! X (mutauriro wepamutemo unorambidzwa) ,! V (inotanga kupandukira kusati kwasvika) ,! C (mberi cutoff inoshanda), kana ! (ICMP haina kukwanisika code). Izvi zvinotsanangurwa neRFC1812 (iyo inotora RFC1716). Kana inenge dzose zvese zvinokonzera humwe rudzi rwekusagadzirika, traceroute acharega uye obuda.

Iyi purogiramu inogadzirirwa kushandiswa mumutambo wekutengesa, kuenzanisa, nekugadzirisa. Inofanira kushandiswa kunyanya kukanganisa kukanganisa. Nemhaka yemutoro iwoyo unogona kuisa pamaketani, hazvina kuchenjera kushandisa traceroute panguva yekushanda kwemazuva ose kana kubva pane zvinyorwa zvinyorwa.

Onawo

pathchar (8), netstat (1), ping (8)