Kuunganidza zvikamu zve kombiyuta yekombiyuta pachako hazvina kukwana kuita kuti zvishande - zvishandiso zvinobatanidzwa zvinodawo nzira yekukurukurirana. Iyi mitauro yekukurukurirana inonzi mitemo yenhare .
Purpose of Network Protocols
Pasina mitemo, zvigadzirwa zvaisazove nekwanisi yekunzwisisa zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvavanotumira kune mumwe nemumwe pamusoro pehutano hwehutano. Mitemo yeNetaneti inoshumira izvi zvinokosha:
- nhamba yedata kumunhu akakodzera kugamuchira (s)
- kunyanya kutumira data kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo, pamwe nekudzivirira kuchengetedzwa kana zvichidiwa
- kugamuchira mharidzo uye kutumira mhinduro zvakakodzera
Chimbofunga kuenzanisa pakati pemitambo yenhare neyokubatsira kwepaipi kunobata sei mapepa emapepa epanyama. Kungofanana nepepa yepafisi inotora tsamba kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye nzvimbo, saka kuita mitambo yekutengesa kuchengetedza dhamu iri kufamba munzira dzakawanda dzichienderera mberi. Kusiyana nekutumira mameseji, zvisinei, mitambo yemagetsi inopawo zvimwe zvakakosha zvakadai sekununura kuenderera mberi kwemashoko kune imwe nzvimbo (inonzi kutumidzirwa) uye zvinongogadzira mapepa emashoko uye kuendesa kune dzimwe nzvimbo panguva imwechete (inonzi kuparidzirwa ).
Nzvimbo Dzakasiyana dzeMitambo yeMitambo
Hapana rimwe protocol iripo rinotsigira zvose zvinoshandiswa nemhando dzose dzekombiyuta network network . Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemitambo yenethiwekhi dzakagadzirwa pamusoro pemakore, mumwe nomumwe achiedza kutsigira mamwe marudzi ehutano hwekukurukurirana. Zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha izvo zvinosiyanisa rudzi rumwe rweprototi kubva kune imwe ndezvi:
1. simplex vs. duplex . Kushandiswa kwe-simplex kunobvumira chete imwe faira kuti iparidze pane unhu. Zvimwe, duplex network connections inobvumira kuti zvigadzirwa zvose zvigone uye zvigadzire dhepasi pachibvumirano chimwechete chemuviri.
2. kushamwaridzana-kutungamirirwa kana kusagadzikana . A-oriented network protocol exchanges (inonzi inonzi handshake ) yeruzivo ruzivo pakati pemapurani maviri anovabvumira kuti vaite nhaurirano (inonzi chikamu ) mumwe nomumwe. Mukutaura, kushamisira-zvishoma mitemo kunounza mimwe miviri kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe kunze kwekufunga nezvemashoko akafanana akaendeswa mberi kana shure (uye asingazivi kana mharidzo dzakabudirira zvakagamuchirwa).
3. kutara . Mitemo yeNetamende inowanzoshanda pamwe chete mumapoka (anonzi mashoma nokuti mifananidzo inowanzoratidza zvirongwa sebhokisi rakakanyiridzirwa pamusoro pemumwe). Mimwe mitemo inoshanda pamatanho maduku zvakasungirirwa zvakananga nenzira yakasiyana yemhando dzisina wire kana network network dzinoshanda. Vamwe vanoshanda pamatanda akakwirira anowirirana nekushandurwa kwemagetsi ekushanda, uye vamwe vanoshanda pakati pepakati nepakati pakati.
The Internet Protocol Family
Inonyanya kushandisa mitambo yemagetsi mukushandiswa kwevanhu ndeyeIndaneti Protocol (IP) mhuri. IP ndeyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyo protocol inobvumira imba nemamwe maguta emunharaunda paIndaneti kuti vataurirane.
IP inoshanda zvakanaka pakufambisa mumwe munhu kubva kune imwe network kusvika kune imwe asi haitsigire pfungwa yekutaurirana (kubatana pamusoro pekufambiswa kwemashoko kunogona kufamba mune imwe kana mbiri mbiri). The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) inowedzera IP neyakakwirira yakakosha, uye nokuti hutano-kusvika-point hunokosha zvikuru paInternet, zvinyorwa zviviri zvinowanzobatanidzwa pamwe chete uye zvinonzi TCP / IP.
Zvose TCP nePIP zvinoshanda mukati mezvikamu zvepaneti protocol stack. Zvidzidzo zvakakurumbira paInternet dzimwe nguva dzakashandura mitemo yavo pamusoro peTCP / IP. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) inoshandiswa neWeb browsers nemaseva pasi pose. TCP / IP, zvakare, inomhanya pamusoro pehutano hwepasi-hutaneti hutsika seEthernet . Mimwe mitauro yakakurumbira mitambo mumhuri yePI inosanganisira ARP , ICMP , uye FTP .
How Network Protocols Shandisa Pikiti
IInternet uye dzakawanda mamwe mawebesa emadhina anobata nekugadzirisa dhambiri muzvidimbu zviduku zvinonzi map packets . Kuvandudza kushanda nekukurukurirana uye kuvimbika, rimwe nerimwe shoko guru rinotumirwa pakati pemapurogiramu maviri emagetsi kanowanzoparadzaniswa kuva mapurusi maduku ne hardware iri pasi ne software. Aya mapepa ekushandura mitambo anoda mapaketi kuti agadzirwe nenzira dzakasiyana maererano nemitemo iyo network inotsigira. Nzira iyi inoshanda zvakanaka nehutanoji hwemazuva ano mashandisi sezvo idzi dzose dzinoshandisa dhiyabhorosi nenzira yebits uye netestes (digital '1's' 0s ').
Nhamba yega yega network protocol inotsanangura mitemo yekuti iyo data data packets inofanira kurongwa sei (yakarongwa). Nokuti mitemo yakafanana neIndaneti Protocol inowanzoshanda pamwe chete muzvikamu, zvimwe zvinyorwa zvakapindirwa mukati mepakiti zvakarongerwa imwe protocol zvinogona kunge zviri mumamiriro ehumwe humwe hunoenderana neprotocol (imwe nzira inonzi encapsulation ).
Zvigadziro zvinowanzoparadzanisa paki imwe neimwe muzvikamu zvitatu- musoro , kubhadhara , uye pasi . (Mimwe mitemo, yakafanana neI IP, usashandise mabheji.) Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa nemakumbo zvine zvigadziro zvemukati zvinoshandiswa kutsigira mambure, kusanganisira mazita ekutumira uye kugamuchira zvigadziri, asi kubhadharwa kune zvinyorwa zvinodikanwa kuti zviparidzirwe. Musoro kana mabheji anowanzowedzerawo mamwe mashoko anokosha kuti abatsire kuvandudza kuvimbika uye kana kushanda kwehutano hwekubatanidza, zvakadai sezviverengi zvinoratidzira rondedzero yekutumira mameseji uye checksums dzinobatsira maitiro ekutengesa kuona dambudziko re data kana kuparadza.
How Network Devices Shandisa Mitemo
Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zvehutachiona zvishandiso zvinosanganisira zvakagadzirirwa-mukutsigirwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi rese dzetsika. Zvose zvemazuva ano makombiyuta emashandisirwo emashandisirwo anotsigira Ethernet uye TCP / IP, semuenzaniso, nepo mafoni akawanda akawanda anobatsira bluetooth nemitemo kubva mumhuri ye Wi-Fi. Aya maitiro ekupedzisira anowanzobatanidza nhengo dzemuviri wepakiti yedhijisiti, kufanana neEthernet ports uye Wi-Fi kana mabhidhiyo eBluetooth.
Network applications, zvakare, inotsigira mitemo yepamusoro yepamusoro inotaura nehutachiona. Mushanduri webhusaiti, somuenzaniso, anokwanisa kushandura mazita se http: // / muHatTP mapeti ane data yakakodzera iyo server yeWebho inogona kugamuchira uye inodzorera zvakare peji yewebhu yakarurama. Chigadziro chinogamuchirwa chine mutoro wekuunganidzazve mapepa ega ega mumutauro wepakutanga, nekubvisa mabheji nemakumbo uye nekubatanidza mapeti muhutano hwakarurama.