ZITA
login - sign on
SYNOPSIS
login [ zita ]
login -p
login -h hostname
login -f zita
DESCRIPTION
login rinoshandiswa painyoresa purogiramu . Inogonawo kushandiswa kushanduka kubva kune mumwe mudzidzi kuenda kune imwe nguva chero ipi zvayo (majoka akawanda emazuva ano ane rubatsiro rwechimiro ichi chakavakwa mavari, zvisinei).
Kana kukakavadzana kusati kwapiwa, kupinda mukati kunobatsira zita rekushandisa.
Kana munhu asingashandisi , uye kana / etc / nologin iripo, zviri mukati mefaira iyi zvakadhindwa kuchikwangwani, uye kupindira kuri kubviswa. Izvi zvinowanzoshandiswa kudzivirira logins apo sarudzo iri kutorwa pasi.
Kana zvibvumirano zvakakwana zvekutsvaga zvichitsanangurwa kumushandisi mu / etc / usertty , izvi zvinofanira kunge zvichisangana, kana kuti log in attempt icharamba uye syslog message ichagadzirwa. Ona chikamu che "Zvibvumirano Zvipi Zvokutambira".
Kana iyo yakashandisa, mudziyo wekutevedza unofanira kuitika kune tty yakanyorwa mune / etc / securetty . Kukundikana kuchapinda ne syslog facility.
Mushure mekunge mamiriro aya ave akaongororwa, password ichakumbirwa uye ichaongororwa (kana password inodikanwa kune iri zita rekushandisa). Kuedza gumi kunotenderwa kusati kwasvika, asi mushure mokutanga vatatu, mhinduro inotanga kunonoka. Kukundikana kwekupinda kunoshushwa kuburikidza nes syslog facility. Iyi sangano inoshandiswawo kurondedzera chero ipi zvayo yakabudirira midzi.
Kana iyo faira .hushlogin iripo, ipapo ku "runyararo" kunowanikwa (izvi zvinodzivisa kutarisa kwemashoko uye kudhindwa kwekupedzisira nguva yokupinda uye mharidzo yezuva). Kana zvisina kudaro, kana / var / log / lastlog iripo, nguva yekupedzisira yokupinda yakadhindwa (uye ikozvino yekunyoresa yakanyorwa).
Zvinhu zvisinganzwisisiki zvekutonga, zvakadai sekuisa UID neGID ye tty inoitwa. Mutemo weTERM unoshandiswa unodzivirirwa kana uripo (zvimwe zvimwe zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu zvakachengetedzwa kana i--sarudzo inoshandiswa). Zvadaro maIndaneti, PATH, SHELL, TERM, MAIL, uye LOGNAME zvinoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu zvakasarudzwa. PATH yakafa kune / usr / local / bin: / bin: / usr / bin :. yevashandi vemazuva ose, uye ku / sbin: / bin: / usr / sbin: / usr / bin yemidzi. Pakupedzisira, kana iyi isiri iyo "yakanyarara" yokupinda, shoko rezuva racho rakadhindwa uye faira rine zita romushandisi mu / var / spool / mail richaongororwa, uye shoko rakadhindwa kana risina zero urefu.
Iko shell yevashandi inotanga. Kana pasina chikwata chakatsanangurwa kuti mushandisi mu / etc / passwd , ipapo / bin / sh inoshandiswa. Kana pasina nhungurudzo inotaurwa mu / etc / passwd , ipapo / inoshandiswa (iyo imba inonyorwa inotaridzirwa ye file .hushlogin inotsanangurwa pamusoro).
MASHOKO
-p
Inoshandiswa neyetty (8) kutaurira kupindira kwete kuparadza zvakatipoteredza
-f
Yakashandura kubhururuka chechipiri chekugonesa kupinda. Izvi hazvibatsiri mumidzi, uye hazviiti sekuti zvinoshanda zvakanaka pasi peLuxux .
-h
Inoshandiswa nemamwe mapurisa (kureva, telnetd (8)) kupfuudza zita remunharaunda yakasununguka kuti airege kuitira kuti iiswe mumutmp uye wtmp. Ndizvo chete munhu ane simba guru angashandisa sarudzo iyi.
Zvimwe zvinogadziriswa
Iyo faira / etc / rakachengetedza mazita ema ttys apo midzi inobvumirwa kupinda mukati. Zita rimwe remutambo we tty kunze kwe / dev / chirevo chekutanga rinofanirwa kutsanangurwa pamutsara mumwe nomumwe. Kana iyo faira isipo, midzi inobvumirwa kupinda mukati pane chero tty.
Panyaya dze Linux dzemazuva ano PAM (Pluggerable Authentication Modules) inoshandiswa. Pane zvishandiso zvisina kushandisa PAM, faira / etc / usertty inotsanangura zvimwe zvinetso zvekugona kune vamwe vanoshandisa. Kana iyi faira isipo, hapana mimwe mitemo yekuwana yakagadzirirwa. Iyo faira inosanganisira kuenzaniswa kwezvikamu. Pane zvikamu zvitatu zvinogona kugoverwa: CLASSES, GROUPS na USERS. Chikamu cheCASSASS chinotsanangura makirasi e ttys uye hostname maitiro, CHIKAMU chechikwata chinotsanangura tvss uye mauto anobvumirwa pane rimwe boka, uye chikamu cheUSERS chinotsanangura tvss uye mauto anobvumirwa pamushandi wega wega.
Mutsetse wega wega mune iyi faira inogona kunge isingasviki mairi 255. Mavambo anotanga ne # maitiro uye awedzere kusvika kumugumo wemutsara.
ICASSASS Section
Chikamu cheCASSASS chinotanga neCAST CLASSES pakutanga kwemutsara pane zvose zvakashata. Chimwe nechimwe chinotevera mutsara kusvikira kutanga kwechikamu chitsva kana kuti kuguma kwefaira iri nehuwandu hwemashoko akaparadzaniswa nemate kana nzvimbo. Mutsara mumwe nomumwe unotsanangura kirasi ye ttys uye maitiro emiti.
Izwi pakutanga kwetambo rinorondedzerwa senhengo pamwe chete ye ttys uye maitiro emagariro anotsanangurwa pane imwe nzvimbo yemutsara. Iri zita rinoshandiswa rinogona kushandiswa mune chero ipi zvayo inotevera GROUPS kana USERS chikamu. Hazvina zita rekirasi rakadaro rinofanira kuitika sechikamu chetsanangudzo yekirasi kuitira kuti urege kudzivisa matambudziko nekudzoka makirasi.
Chimwe muenzaniso chikamu chechikamu:
MAKASI myclass1 tty1 tty2 myclass2 tty3 @ .foo.comIzvi zvinotsanangura makirasi myclass1 uye myclass2 seyanoenderana nemaoko.
Chikamu che GROUPS
CHIKAMU chema GROUPS chinotsanangura maitiro evanhu vakabvumirwa uye mauto pane rimwe boka re Unix. Kana musikana ari nhengo yeboka re Unix maererano ne / etc / passwd uye / etc / boka uye boka rakadaro rinotaurwa muchikamu che GROUPS mune / etc / usertty ipapo mupi anopiwa ruzivo kana boka riri.
CHIKAMU chechikwata chinotanga nezwi GROUPS pane zvose zvakatangira pakutanga kwetambo, uye rimwe nerimwe rinotevera nderokuenzanisa kwemashoko akaparadzaniswa nezvivako kana tate. Izwi rekutanga pamutsara ndiro zita reboka uye mamwe mazwi ari mumutsara anotsanangura ma tty uye masimba apo nhengo dzeboka iroro dzinobvumirwa kuwana. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kushandiswa kwemakira anotsanangurwa muCASS CLASSES.
Chimwe chikamu che GROUPS.
MAKOUPS sys tty1 @ .bar.edu stud myclass1 tty4Muenzaniso uyu unotsanangura kuti nhengo dzeboka re sys dzinogona kupinda mu tty1 uye kubva kune masimba munzvimbo yepa.edu domain. Vashandi vari muchikwata chechikwata vanogona kupinda mukati kubva mauto / ttys anotsanangurwa mukirasi myclass1 kana kubva kune tty4.
The USERS Section
Chikamu cheSUSERS chinotanga neshoko VASHANDI pane zvose zvakashata pakutanga kwetambo, uye rimwe nerimwe rinotevera ndeyorondedzero yemashoko akaparadzaniswa nemiganhu kana tate. Izwi rekutanga pamutsara ndiro zita rekushandisa uye kuti mutengi anobvumirwa kupinda mukati ma ttys uye kubva kune mauto anotaurwa pane imwe nzvimbo yemutsara. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvidzidzo zvinotsanangurwa muCASS CLASSES. Kana kusina chikamu chechikamu chakataurwa pamusoro pefaira, chikamu chokutanga chinodarika kuva chikamu cheUSERS.
Chimwe muenzaniso chikamu chevashandi:
USERS zacho tty1 @ 130.225.16.0 / 255.255.255.0 blue tty3 myclass2Izvi zvinoita kuti muchengeti zacho asongedze pa tty1 uye kubva kune masimba ane IP addreses mumusana 130.225.16.0 - 130.225.16.255, uye bhuu rebhurogi rinobvumirwa kupinda mukati kubva kune tty3 uye chero chipi chinotaurwa mukirasi myclass2.
Panogona kuva nemutsara muchikamu cheUSERS chichitanga nemumwe wezita re *. Uyu ndiwo mutemo usingagumi uye uchashandiswa kumunhu chero upi zvake asina kuenzanisa chero imwe mutsara.
Kana vose vaviri USERS mutsara uye GROUPS mutsara inosangana nemushandisi zvino musikana anobvumirwa kuwana kubva kubatanidzwa wevose ttys / mauto anotaurwa mumashoko aya.
Mhemberero
Iko neyemagadziro emagadzirirwo emagwaro anoshandiswa mumutsara wekirasi, boka uye kushandiswa kwevashandi kunonzi mavambo. Chimwe chinyorwa chinogona kuva nechimwe chezvimiro izvi:
o
Zita rechina tty pasina dev / dev / prefix, somuenzaniso tty1 kana ttyS0.
o
Rwonzi @localhost, zvinoreva kuti mushandisi anobvumirwa kutumira telnet / rlogin kubva kumunharaunda wemunharaunda kuenda kune imwe hondo. Izvi zvinobvumirawo mudzidzi kuti somuenzaniso ashande mutemo: xterm -e / bin / login.
o
Zita renzvimbo zita rakadai sa @ .some.dom, zvinoreva kuti munhu angashandura / telnet kubva kune ani zvake ane zita rezita rine chiremera .some.dom.
o
Mhando ye IPv4 kero, yakanyorwa @ xxxx / yyyy apo xxxx ndiyo kero yeP IP mune imwe nguva yakazara yakawanda quad decimal notation, uye yyyy inonzi bitmask muzvinyorwa zvakafanana zvinotsanangura izvo zvinokonzerwa nekero kuenzanisa neIndaneti yejeri iri kure . Somuenzaniso @ 130.225.16.0 / 255.255.254.0 zvinoreva kuti mushumiri angangodaro / telnet kubva kune ani zvake ane kero yake yeP IP iri mumasere 130.225.16.0 - 130.225.17.255.
Zvose zvezvakabva apa zvinogona kufanirwa kufungidzirwa nenguva inotsanangurwa maererano neshoko rechirevo:
timespec :: = '['Semuenzaniso, zvakabva [mon: tue: wed: thu: fri: 8-17] tty3 zvinoreva kuti kupinda mukati kunobvumirwa pamusiyano kusvika musi wepfabvu pakati pe8:00 ne17:59 (5:59 pm) pane tty3. Izvi zvinoratidzawo kuti awa maawa ab anosanganisira nguva dzose pakati pe: 00 uye b: 59. Kushandurwa kweawa imwe chete (yakadai se10) kunoreva nguva nguva pakati pe10 ne10:59.
Hazvirevi nguva chero ipi zvayo yekutangira kwetty kana kuti inopindira zvinoreva kupinda mukati kubva kune iyoyo yakabvumirwa chero nguva. Kana iwe uchipa chigumo chemazuva iva nechokwadi chekutsanangura zvose zviri zviviri kwemazuva uye imwe kana maawa akawanda kana awa maawa. Nenguva yechiratidzo ingasanganisira chero imwe nzvimbo yakachena.
Kana pasina kutonga kusina kupiwa kunopiwa ipapo vashandisi vasingatauri chero mutsara / etc / usertty vanobvumirwa kupinda mukati chero kupi zvayo sekugara kwemaitiro.
ONA DZIMWE
Zvinonyanya kukosha: Shandisa mutemo wevanhu ( % munhu ) kuti uone kuti murairo unoshandiswa sei pane imwe kombiyuta.