ZITA
sh - command muturikiri ( shell )
SYNOPSIS
sh [- / + aCefnuvxIimqsVEbc ] [- o longname ] -words [ target ... ]
DESCRIPTION
Sh ndiyo mutauro wakakwana wemutauro we system. Ikozvino shanduro ye sh iri mukushandurwa kwekushandurwa kuti ienderane nePOSIX 1003.2 uye 1003.2a tsanangudzo ye shell. Iyi shanduro ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoita kuti zvioneke zvakafanana kune dzimwe nzvimbo kune korn shell, asi haisi Korn shell clone (ona ksh (1)). Zvimwe chete zvakasarudzwa naPOSIX pamwe neBerkeley extensions zvishoma, zviri kuiswa mune iyi shell. Tinotarisira POSIX kuwirirana nenguva 4.4 BSD inosunungurwa. Iri peji peji harina kuitirwa kuti rive dzidzo kana kuti tsanangudzo yakazara yegoogle.
Overview
Iko shell murairo unorondedzera mitsara kubva kune faira kana inogumira, inovatsanangurira, uye inowanzoita dzimwe mirairo. Ndiyo purogiramu iri kushanda kana munhu anoshandisa muitiro (kunyange zvazvo mushumiri angasarudza ganda rakasiyana nehana ye chsh (1)). Iko shell inoshandisa mutauro unofambisa kugadzirisa masvingo, nzvimbo yakakura inopa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mukuwedzera pane kuchengetedza deta, pamwe chete yakavakwa munhoroondo uye mhando yekugadzirisa mhando. Inosanganisira zvinhu zvakawanda kubatsira rubatsiro runoshandiswa uye rine ruzivo rwekuti mutauro unoshandiswa unowanikwa kune zvose zvinopindirana uye kwete-interactive kushandisa (shell scripts). Iko ndiko kuti, mirairo inogona kuiswa zvakananga ku shell inoshandiswa kana inogona kuiswa mufaira uye faira inogona kuitiswa zvakananga ne shell.
Kunyengetera
Kana pasina args aripo uye kana kuiswa kweiyo shell kuchibatanidza nechigarire (kana kana i - i flag ichisarudzwa), uye chisarudzo- c haichopo, shell inonzi inobatanidza shell . Rimwe ganda rinopindirana rinowanzotangira mushure megairo uye rinotungamirira mapurogiramu uye kukanganisa maitiro zvakasiyana (sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa). Kana uchitanga kutanga, shell inotarisa nharo 0, uye kana inotanga ne dash `- 'shell inonzi inonzi shell. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa zvinowanzoitwa nehurongwa apo wekutanga anotanga kupinda. A login shell inotanga kuverenga mirairo kubva kumafaira / etc / profile uye .profile kana iripo. Kana nzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana ye ENV yakagadzirirwa kupinda muhombe, kana yakagadzirirwa mu .profile yegock shell, shell inotevera inoverenga mirairo kubva pane faira inonzi ENV Naizvozvo, mufanisi anofanira kuisa mirairo inofanira kuitika chete pa login nguva mu .profile file, uye mirairo inourawa nehomwe yega mukati meEV file. Kuti ugadzire ENV kushandiswa pane imwe faira, isa mutsara unotevera mune yako .profile yeimba yako yechirongwa
ENV = $ HOME / .shinit; export ENV
kunyorera `` .shinit '' chero ipi zvayo yezita raunoda. Sezvo iyo ENV file iri kuverengerwa kwekukumbira kwese kwekanda, kusanganisira shell scripts uye kwete-interactive shells, paradigm inotevera inobatsira pakurambidza mirairo muInd file kuti iite zvinyararire. Isa mirairo mukati me `` case '' uye ` esac '' pasi (iyi mirairo inorondedzerwa gare gare):
nyaya $ - in * i *)
# mirairo yekushandiswa kwekushandisa chete
...
esac
Kana mutemo wepaine mutsara kunze kwemasarudzo akaiswa pachena, ipapo shell inobata nharo yekutanga sezita refaira rinofanira kuverenga mirairo (shell script), uye zvigadziro zvinosara zvinogadziriswa semarongerwo emamiriro ehomwe ($ 1 , $ 2, nezvimwe). Kana zvisina kudaro, chikwata chinoverenga mirairo kubva pane inowanikwa.
Argument List Processing
Zvose zvinyorwa zvisarudzo zvine rimwe zita rinogona kushandiswa senharo ku- o kusarudza. Zita rakagadzirirwa- o rinowanikwa pedyo neye tsamba imwe chete mune tsanangudzo iri pasi apa. Kutarisa dash `` - '' inoshandura chisarudzo, paunenge uchishandisa plus `` + '' inodzivisa sarudzo. Zvimwe zvinotevera zvinogona kugadzirirwa kubva kumutsetse wemirairo kana necheti (1) builtin (yakatsanangurwa gare gare).
-a allexport
Tumira zvinhu zvose zvakasarudzirwa. (YAKABUDZIRWA nokuda kwe 4.4alpha)
-c
Verenga mirairo kubva kumurairo wemirairo. Hapana mirairo inogona kuverengwa kubva pane zvinyorwa.
-C chinyorwa
Usafuratira mafaira aripo ne ``> '' (UNIMPLEMENTED ye 4.4pafa)
-e errexit
Kana musingadi kubatanidza, bhururuka pakarepo kana chero mutemo usina kudzidziswa usingakwanisi. Mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo anonzi anonyatsoongororwa kana mutemo unoshandiswa kutarisa kana irif nguva kana kusvika kana kana murairo uri ruoko rworuboshwe operand ye "` && '' kana `` || ''.
-f noglob
Dzvitsa nzira yekuwedzera.
-n noexec
Kana usingabatanidzi, shandisa mirairo asi usavaita. Izvi zvinobatsira pakutarisa syntax ye shell scripts.
-u nounyoti
Nyora mharidzo kune kukanganisa kwakakwana paunenge uchiedza kuwedzera shanduko isina kuiswa, uye kana shell yacho isingapindirani, ibva pakarepo. (YAKABUDZIRWA nokuda kwe 4.4alpha)
-v verbose
Iko shell inonyora zvinowanikwa pakukanganisa kwakakwana sezvainoverengwa. Inobatsira pakutsvaga.
-x xtrace
Nyora murairo wega wega pane kukanganisa kwakakosha (yakatangwa ne `` 'isati yaitwa.).
-q kunyararaprofile
Kana ma- v kana- x masarudzo akaiswa, usashandise paunenge uchiverenga mafaira ekutanga, aya ari / etc / profile .profile uye faira yakatsanangurwa ne- ENV yemhepo yakasiyana.
-Ndisina hanya
Ramba IEOF kubva pane zvaunenge uchiita pakubatana.
-i interactive
Shandisai shell kuti iite zvakanaka.
-m kuongorora
Dzorera basa rekugadzirisa (sarudza zviri nyore kana uchitaurirana).
-s stdin
Verenga mirairo kubva muzvikamu zvinowanikwa (sarudza zviri nyore kana pasina fikisi dzinowanikwa). Ichi chisarudzo hachina matanho kana chigadziriswa mushure mokunge shell yave yatotanga kushanda (kureva nekuisa (1)).
-V vi
Ita iyo yakavakwa-in vi (1) command line editor (inodzima - E kana yakagadzirirwa).
-E emacs
Ita iyo yakavakwa-in emacs (1) command line editor (inodzima - V kana yakagadzirirwa).
-b kuzivisa
Ita kuti asynchronous notification yepakuvamba basa rapera. (YAKABUDZIRWA nokuda kwe 4.4alpha)
Lexical Structure
Iko shell inowedzera mazano maererano nemitsara inobva kufaira uye inoiisa mumashoko pa whitespace (mavara nemabhandi), uye pane zvimwe zvinyorwa zvemashoko anokosha kune shell inonzi `` vafambisi '' Kune marudzi maviri evanoshandisa: kudzora operators uye redirection operators (zvavanoreva zvinokurukurwa gare gare). Kutevera urongwa hwevashandi:
"Kudzora mafambisi:"
& && (); ;; | ||
"Rudzikinuro:"
<>> | << >> <&> & << - <>
Kurondedzera
Kudzokorora kunoshandiswa kubvisa zvinoreva zvevamwe vatambi kana mazwi kune shell, zvakadai sevashandi, whitespace, kana mazwi makuru. Kune mhando mitatu yekudzokorora: inofanirwa kushandiswa kwemashoko akafanana, akaenzana nemashoko maviri, uye kumashure.
Kudzoka
Kudzokera shure kunochengetedza zvinoreva zvechimiro chinotevera, kunze kweAq newline. Kudzokera shure kwekutanga kweAq lineline kunobatwa semugumisiro wemuganhu.
Single Quotes
Kuvhara mavara muzvinyorwa zvisingabatsiri zvinodzivirira zvinyorwa zvayo zvevanhu vose (kunze kwemashoko akanyorwa chete, zvichiita kuti zvibvirire kuisa rimwe-quotes mumutsetse unotsanangurwa chete).
Double Quotes
Kuvhara mavara mukati memashoko maviri anochengetedza kuchengetedza zvinoreva zvevanhu vose kunze kwe dollarsign ($) backquote (`) uye backslash (\) Kudzokorora mukati mukati memashoko maviri kunhoroondo yekare, uye kunoshumira kudzokorora chete vanhu vanotevera:
$ `\
Kana zvisina kudaro inoramba iri chaiye.
Mashoko Akachengetedzwa
Mashoko akachengetedzeka mazwi anonyanya kukosha kune shell uye anoonekwa pakutanga kwezera uye mushure mokutungamirira. Izvi zvinotevera mazwi akachengeterwa:
! Tarisa Ta Ta Ta panguva yaTa
zvimwe Ta Ta Ta ipapo Ta {Ta}
Do Ta done Ta kusvika Ta kana Ta esac
Zvavanoreva zvinokurukurwa gare gare.
Aliases
An alias ndiro zita uye rinoenderana naro rinoshandiswa kushandiswa kune (1) rakapiwa murairo. Pose apo shoko rakachengetwa rinogona kuitika (ona pamusoro), uye mushure mokuongorora mazwi akachengeterwa, shell inotarisa izwi kuti ione kana iri yakafanana nemamwe. Kana ikadaro, inotora nzvimbo yacho mumugumo wekushandisa nehuwandu hwayo. Semuenzaniso, kana pane nhesi dzinonzi `` lf '' nekokukosha `` ls -F '' uye inowanikwa:
lf foobar
yaizova
ls -F foobar
Zvinyorwa zvinopa nzira yakanakisisa yevashandisi vasingatendi kuti vagadzire shorthands yemirairo vasina kudzidza kuti vangaita sei nekuita nharo. Inogonawo kushandiswa kugadzira code yakavharika. Uku kushandiswa kwakaderedza.
Mirairo
Iko shell inotsanangura mazwi ayo ari kuverenga maererano nerurimi, ruzivo rwacho ruri kunze kwehuwandu hwepeji yemurume uyu (tarira BNF mubhuku rePOSIX 1003.2). Zvinonyanya kukosha, mutsetse unoverengwa uye kana izwi rekutanga remutsetse (kana mushure mutevedzeri wekutungamirira) isiri shoko rakachengetwa, saka shell yakaona mutemo uri nyore. Kana zvisina kudaro, murairo wakaoma kana chimwe chivako chakanaka chingangodaro chakazivikanwa.
Simple Commands
Kana mutemo usina kuve wakanzwisisika, shell inobata zviito zvinotevera:
- Mashoko anotungamira epepe `` name = value '' akabviswa uye anogoverwa kune zvakatipoteredza nemirairo iri nyore. Vakadzikinura vatengesi uye nharo dzavo (sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa) dzakabviswa uye dzakachengetedzwa kuti dzigadziridzwe.
- Mashoko akasara akawedzerwa sezvinotsanangurwa muchikamu chinonzi `` Expansions '' uye shoko rokutanga rakasara rinofungidzirwa kuti zita rerairo uye murairo uripo. Mamwe mazwi akasara anotorwa semafungiro emurairo. Kana pasina zita rerairo rakaguma, ipapo `` name = value '' kugoverwa kushandurwa kunozivikanwa muchigadzirwa 1 kunobata ikozvino shell.
- Kudzorerwa kunoitwa sezvinotsanangurwa muchikamu chinotevera.
Kudzorerwa
Kudzorerwa kunoshandiswa kushandura apo mutemo unoverenga zvayo kana kuendesa zvabuda. Pakati pese, kudzorerwa kunotanga, kuswedera, kana kudzokorora ruzivo rwakawanikwa kune faira. Iyo yose yakagadziriswa inoshandiswa pakudzokorora ndeyi:
[n] redir-op faira
apo redir-op ndeimwe yevafambisi vadzo rekare vakambotaurwa kare. Kutevera ndeyeruzhinji rwekugona kudzorerwa. Bq n inhamba yekuzvipira, seyo `3 '(kwete` Bq 3' iyo inoreva faira rinotsanangura.
[n]> faira
Dzorerai purogiramu yakasara (kana n) kuisa.
[n]> | faira
Same, asi inopfuura ye- C sarudzo.
[n] >> faira
Itai kuti purogiramu yakatsetseka (kana n) iite.
[n]
Dzorera purogiramu yakawanda (kana n) kubva pane faira.
[n1] <& n2
Duplicate standard input (kana n1) kubva pane faira anorondedzera n2.
[n] <& -
Vhura vhidhiyo inowanikwa (kana n).
[n1]> & n2
Duplicate standard output (kana n1) kubva n2.
[n]> &
Close standard output (kana n).
[n] <> faira
Vhura faira yekuverenga nekunyora pane zvakapindirwa (kana n).
Kudzokorora kunotevera kunowanzonzi `` pano-document ''
[n] << kumbira
pano-doc-text ...
delimiter
Zvose zvinyorwa zvinotevera zvinosvika pamutambo unoponeswa kubva ipapo uye zvinowanikwa kune murairo pamutauro wakazara, kana faira descriptor n kana yakatsanangurwa. Kana mutsara unotsanangurwa pamutsara wekutanga unotorwa, ipapo pano-doc-text inorapwa nenzira chaiye, kana zvisinei kuti mashoko acho anowanikwa pakugadzirisa kuparadzanisa, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kuwedzerwa kwei arithmetic (sezvinotsanangurwa muchikamu che `` Expansions) ' 'Kana uyo anoshanda ari `` << -' 'panzvimbo ye `` <<' 'uye kutungamira ma tabs ari pano-doc-text zvakabviswa.
Tsvaga uye Kuitwa
Kune mhando mitatu yemirairo: shell inoshanda, mirairo yakavakwa, uye zvirongwa zvekare - uye murairo unotsvaga (nezita) mukuraira. Mumwe nomumwe anourawa nenzira yakasiyana.
Apo shell inoshanda inourawa, yose yeiyo shell positional parameters (kunze kwe $ 0, iyo inoramba ichishandurwa) yakagadzirirwa kune zvinokonzerwa ne shell function. Zvimwe zvinotsanangurwa zvakajeka mumamiriro emirairo (nokuisa mabasa kwavari pamberi pezita remabasa) zvinoshandiswa munharaunda kumabasa uye zvinogadzirirwa kuhutano hwakapiwa. Zvadaro murairo wakapiwa mubhuku rebasa rinourawa. Mamiriro ezvinhu echimiro akadzorerwa kuhutano hwavo hwepakutanga apo mutemo unopedza. Izvi zvose zvinowanikwa mukati mekombe yezvino.
Shell yakavakwa yakaurayiwa mukati mehombe, isina kubereka nzira itsva.
Kana zvisina kudaro, kana zita rerairo risingafanane nebasa kana rakagadzirwa, mutemo unotsvaga sepurogiramu yakajairika munzvimbo yefaira (sezvinotsanangurwa muchikamu chinotevera). Apo purogiramu yakarongeka inopedzerwa, shell inotanga purogiramu yacho, kupfuurira nharo uye zvakatipoteredza purogiramu. Kana iri purogiramu isiri iyo inowanikwa yakaipa inofaira (kureva, kana isingatangi ne "nhamba yemashiripiti" iyo ASCII inomirira "#!", Saka execve (2) inodzorera Er ENOEXEC ipapo) shell inoshandura purogiramu mune imwe subshell. Mwana wekombe achadzokorora zvakare munyaya iyi, kuitira kuti mamiriro acho eve akaita sekuti chigove chitsva chakanga chichitsvaga kuti chibatane ne-ad-hoc shell script, kunze kwekuti nzvimbo yekurayira mahedheni iri muhombisi yevabereki ichayeukwa ne mwana.
Cherechedza kuti zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare uye nheyo yekodha pachayo zvakatsausa uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoreva script shell pasina nhamba yemashiripiti se "shell procedure".
Nzira Yokutsvaga
Paunowana mutemo, shell inotanga kutarisa kuona kana ine shell inoshandiswa nezita iroro. Zvadaro zvinotarisa akavakwa murairo nezita iroro. Kana mutemo wakavakwa usina kuwanika, chimwe chezvinhu zviviri zvinoitika:
- Raira mazita ane bhashti anongourayiwa pasina kuita chero tsvakurudzo.
- Iko shell inotsvaga imwe yega yega PATI pane iyo yekuraira. Kukosha kwePATH kunoshandiswa kunofanira kunge kwakanyorwa kwezvinyorwa zvakaparadzana nemakoloni. Chimwe nechimwe chine zita rine mazita. Nhoroondo yezvino inogona kuratidzirwa zvachose nezwi risina zvinyorwa, kana kuti zvakajeka nenguva imwe chete.
Raira Mutemo Wacho
Murairo wega wega unemamiriro ekubuda anokwanisa kukanganisa maitiro emamwe mirairo yegoogle. Chimiro ndechokuti mutemo unobva ne zero wekuzvarwa kana kubudirira, uye kwete ye zero yekukundikana, kukanganisa, kana kuratidza kwenhema. Peji yega yega yega murairo inofanira kuratidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekubuda uye zvavanoreva. Uyezve, yakavakwa mirairo inodzoka kubuda kwekodhi, sezvinoita inouraya shell function.
Mazano Akazara
Mirayiridzo yakawanda inosanganiswa nemirairo iri nyore nekutungamirira operator kana mazwi asina kuchengetwa, pamwe chete kuumba mutemo wakakura wakaoma. Kunyanya kakawanda, mutemo ndeimwe yezvinotevera:
- iri nyore mirairo
- pipeline
- rondedzero kana boka-list
- compound command
- tsanangudzo yebasa
Kunze kwekunge zvataurwa zvimwe, mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo ndeyeyekupedzisira murairo wakajeka wakaitwa nemurairo.
Pipelines
Iipayipi inofananidzwa nemumwechete kana mimwe mirairo yakaparadzaniswa nemuchina wekutungamirira |. Mutemo wakabuda wezvose asi murairo wekupedzisira unobatanidzwa kune zvakapindira zvinowanikwa murairo inotevera. Izvo zvakasikwa zvekuraira kwekupedzisira zvakagara nhaka kubva kune shell, sezvinowanzoitika.
Mhando yepayipi ndeyekuti:
[!] command1 [| command2 ...]
Izvo zvinowanikwa zvinowanikwa mutemo1 zvakabatanidzwa nehuwandu hwekugovera mutemo2. Izvo zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa, zvinowanzobudiswa, kana zvose zvemurairo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakagoverwa neipiyipi vasati vadzokerazve kudii zvakananga nekudzokorora vashandi vari chikamu chemurairo.
Kana iyo pipeline isiri kumashure (yakakurukurwa gare gare), iyo shell inomirira kuti mirairo yose ipedzwe.
Kana yakachengetwa shoko! haisi kutangira pipeline, iyo inobva kune imwe nzvimbo ndiyo inobva kunze kwemurairo wekupedzisira wakataurwa muipiyipi. Kana zvisina kudaro, mamiriro ekudzoka ndiwo anonzwisisika HAPE yezvinobuda mamiriro emurairo wokupedzisira. Ikozvino, kana mutemo wokupedzisira unodzoka zero, mamiriro ekudzoka ari 1; kana mutemo wokupedzisira unodzoka mukuru kudarika zero, mamiriro ekubuda ari zero.
Nokuti pipepiyo inopiwa yehuwandu inowanikwa kana inowanzobuda kana zvose zviri zviviri inoitika zvisati zvadzokorora, zvinogona kuchinjwa nekudzokorora. Semuyenzaniso:
$ command1 2> & 1 | command2
inotuma zvose zvinowanzobuda uye zvakashata kukanganiswa kwemurairo1 kusvika kumigero yezwi2.
A; kana
Cherechedza kuti kusiyana nemamwe mabhomba, imwe neimwe nzira muipiyuta imwana weiyo inokanda ganda (kunze kwekuti iri shell shell), iyo iyo iyo inoitisa muhombodo yemazuva ano - asi chero ipi zvayo inogadziriswa mumhepo inoparadzwa).
Mitemo Yemamiriro Akare -
Kana mutemo unopedzwa nemutungamiri wenjini ampersand (&), sarudzo inoita mutemo asynchronously - kureva kuti, shell hairemi kuti mutemo upedze usati waita murairo unotevera.
Mamiriro ekushandura murairo uri kumashure ndeokuti:
command1 & [command2 & ...]
Kana iyo shell isingabatanidzi, mhinduro inowanikwa yemirairo yeasynchronous inogadzirirwa ku / dev / null
List - Kazhinji Kutaura
Nyora ndeyekuenzanirana kwe zero kana mamwe mairairo akaparadzaniswa nemitauro itsva, semicolons, kana ampersands, uye zvinosarudzwa kupedzeswa neimwe yevatatu vatatu. Iro mirairo iri mumutsetse inoshandiswa muhurongwa hwakanyorwa. Kana mirairo inoteverwa ne ampersand, shell inotanga murairo uye pakarepo inopfuurira kumurairo unotevera; kana zvisina kudaro inomirira kuti murairo wekugumisa usati waenderera kune imwe inotevera.
Short-Circuit List Operators
`` && '' uye `` || '' vane AND-OR list operators. `` && '' inoita murairo wekutanga, uye inozoita murairo wechipiri iff mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wekutanga zero. `` || '' yakafanana, asi inoita murairo wechipiri iff mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wekutanga isiriri. `` && '' uye `` || '' zvose zviri zviviri zvakakosha.
Kuyerera-Kutonga Kunogadzira - kana, panguva, ye, nyaya
Mutsara wei kana mutemo
kana urongwa
ipapo nyora
[elif list
ipapo nyora] ...
[zvimwe mutsara]
fi
Izwi rechirevo chemukati nguva iri murairo
apo runyora
do list
zvakaitwa
Mazita maviri aya anourawa achidzokorora apo nguva yekubuda yeruzhinji rwekutanga ndeye zero. Izvo kusvikira murairo wakafanana, asi ine shoko kusvikira pane imwe nguva, iyo inokonzera kuti idzoke kusvikira iyo yekubuda kweruva rwekutanga rwuri zero.
Izwi rechirevo chemurairo nderokuti
for variable in word ...
do list
zvakaitwa
Mashoko acho akawedzerwa, uye ipapo urongwa hunoitwa kakawanda pamwe neshanduko yakaiswa kune rimwe nerimwe shoko. kuita uye kuita zvinogona kushandurwa ne `` {'' uye ``} ''
Izwi rechirevo chekuzorora uye rinopfuurira murairo
kuputsa [num]
ramba [num]
Kuputsa kunopedzisa nhamba yepakati mukati kana kuti panguva ino. Ramba uchienderera mberi nekuenzanisa kunotevera kwekati mukati. Izvi zvinoshandiswa sezvakaitwa mirairo.
Izwi rechirevo chemurairo wenyaya ndeye
case word in
pattern);;
...
esac
Nzira yacho inogona kunge iri imwe kana mamwe maitiro (ona Shell Patterns yakarondedzerwa gare gare), yakaparadzana ne `` '' mavara.
Kuronga Maitiro Akabatana
Mirairo inogona kuumbwa nekunyora kana
(rondedzero)
kana
{list;
Yokutanga yeiyi inoita mirairo iri pasi. Bhuku rekuvakwa rakagadzirwa mu (rondedzero) haringavi nehupenyu huri ikozvino. Yechipiri maitiro haaiti imwe imwe shell saka inonyanya kushanda. Kuronga mirairo pamwe nenzira ino inokubvumira kuti udzokere mberi zvavanoita sekuti vaiva imwe purogiramu:
{printf hello; printf world \ n ";}> kukwazisa
Mabasa
Izwi rechirevo chebasa rinoreva
zita () murairo
Tsanangudzo yebasa ishoko rinotadza; apo paakaurayiwa inoisa basa rinonzi zita uye rinodzorera mamiriro ekubuda e zero. Murairo unowanzonyorwa mukati me `` `{'' uye` `} ''
Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuziviswa kuva vekuno kune basa nekushandisa murairo wekune imwe nzvimbo. Izvi zvinofanira kufanana neshoko rekutanga rebasa, uye syntax ndiyo
nzvimbo [variable | -] ...
Nharaunda inoshandiswa seiri rakapiwa murairo.
Panoitika shanduko inowanikwa munharaunda, inotora huwandu hwekutanga uye hutengeswa uye kuverenga mapegi kubva kune vari kushandiswa nezita rimwechete kune zvakapoteredza, kana pane imwe. Kana zvisina kudaro, shanduko yacho inotanga kusagadzikana. Iko shell inoshandisa simba rakagadziriswa, kuitira kuti kana iwe ukaita shanduko x yeruzhinji kuti iite f, iyo inoshevedza basa g, zvinyorwa kune vari kushandiswa x yakaitwa mukati mukati g zvinoreva kushandura x kuziviswa mukati f, kwete kune vari pasi rose rinonzi x .
Iyo chete inokosha yepamera kupfuura inogona kuitwa nzvimbo yekuti '`-' 'Kuita` `-' 'nzvimbo ipi zvayo chero sarudzo dzekushandura dzinoshandurwa kuburikidza nemirairo yakagadzirirwa mukati mebasa kuti idzoserwe kuhutano hwavo hwepakutanga apo basa rinodzoka.
Mutsara wechirevo chekudzoka ndechekuti
dzoka [exitstatus
Inogumisa basa rekuita ikozvino. Kudzoka kunoshandiswa sezwi rakagadzirwa.
Zvinyorwa uye Parameters
Iko shell inoramba iine mararamiro. A parameter inodudzwa nezita inonzi inoshandiswa. Paunotanga kumusoro, shell inoshandura zvisikwa zvose zvezvakatipoteredza muhomwe dzinoshandiswa. Zvitsva zvitsva zvinogona kushandiswa uchishandisa fomu
zita = kukosha
Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa nemushandisi inofanira kuva nezita rinosanganisira chete ma-alphabetics, nhamba, uye zvisimbiso - yekutanga iyo isingafaniri kuva nhamba. A parameter inogonawo kuratidzirwa nenhamba kana kuti unhu hunokosha sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa.
Positional Parameters
A positional parameter inomiriro inotsanangurwa nenhamba (n> 0). Iko shell inoisa izvi pakutanga kune zvakakosha zvemashoko emurairo wemirairo zvinotevera zita rekodha script. Iyo yakagadzirirwa (1) yakavakwa inogona kushandiswa kuisa kana kugadzirisa zvakare.
Special Parameters
A special parameter iyi inomirira imwe yeiyi inotevera. Kukosha kweparameter yakanyorwa pedyo nehutsika hwayo.
*
Inowedzera kusvika kumiganhu yepfungwa, kubva pane imwe. Apo kuwedzerwa kunoitika mukati memutsetse wakabvunzwa kaviri unowedzera kune imwe munda nehuwandu hwemapiramu ose akaparadzaniswa nehutano hwekutanga hweFPS , kana ne
@
Inowedzera kusvika kumiganhu yepfungwa, kubva pane imwe. Apo kukura kunowanikwa mukati maviri-zvinyorwa, imwe nhengo yemamiriro ezvinhu inowedzera sechinhu chakasiyana. Kana pasina mamiriro ezvinhu akadai, kuwedzerwa kwe @ kunounza nharo dzenharaunda, kunyange apo @ inodzokororwa kaviri. Zvinonyanya kureva izvi zvinoreva, somuenzaniso, kana $ 1 iri `` abc '' uye $ 2 is `` def ghi '' uye Qq $ @ inowedzera kune zvikonzero zviviri:
abc def they
#
Anowedzera kusvika kuhuwandu hwemamiriro ezvinhu.
?
Inowedzera kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yezvinobuda yepayipi yakapfuura.
- (Hyphen.)
Inowedzera kusvika pane ikozvino sarudzo dzemagetsi (iyo imwe tsamba-mazita mazita mazita akabatanidzwa mucheni) sezvinotsanangurwa pakukumbira, nemutemo wakagadzirirwa, kana zvachose nehombodo.
$
Inowedzera kusvika kune imwe nzira ID yeiyo yakaitwa shell. A subshell inochengetedza kukosha kwakafanana kwe $ semubereki wayo.
!
Inowedzera kusvika kune imwe nhamba ID yezvinodiwa mutsva mutsva yakarongwa kubva pane ikozvino shell. Nokuda kwepipeline, iyo inonzi ID ndiyo iyo yemirairo yekupedzisira mune pipeline.
0 (Zero.)
Anowedzera kune zita rehogi kana shell script.
Shoko Rinotsanangura
Iri chinyorwa chinotsanangura kuwedzera kwakasiyana kunoitwa mumashoko. Hasi zvese zvinotsanangurwa zvinoitwa pamashoko ose, sezvakatsanangurwa gare gare.
Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command replacement, arithmetic expansions, uye kubvisa zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa mukati memumwe shoko rinowedzera kune imwe munda. Icho chete kuparadzaniswa kwemunda kana nzira yekuwedzera iyo inogona kusika minda yakawanda kubva kune rimwe shoko. Iyo imwe chete kunze kwemurairo uyu ndiko kuwedzerwa kwepamuenzaniso yakasiyana @ mukati meviri-mazwi, sezvazvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa.
Mutemo wezwi kukura ndewekuti:
- Kuwedzera kwekuwedzera, Kuwedzera kwepamera, Chirevo chekuraira, Kuwedzera kweArithmetic (izvi zvose zvinoitika panguva imwechete).
- Munda Kusvetwa kunoitwa muminda inoumbwa nechitsi (1) kunze kwekuti shanduko yeFSI isiri.
- Patiname Kuwedzerwa (kunze kwekuiswa - f inoshanda).
- Quote Removal.
Iyo $ character inoshandiswa kutumira parameter kuwedzera, kuraira kushandiswa, kana kuongorora arithmetic.
Tilde Kuwedzera (kushandura shandisi yekushandisa & # 39; s home)
Izwi rinotanga ne unquoted tilde character (~) rinotarisirwa kuwedzera kuwedzera. Vose vanyorwa kusvika pa slash (/) kana kuguma kwezwi zvinoshandiswa sezita remutauro uye zvinotsiviwa nemabhuku ekushandisa kweimba. Kana zita remutauro risipo (sezvinonzi ~ / foobar) tilde inotsiviwa nehuwandu hwekushandurwa kweKINDA (ikozvino kumusha kwekushandisa kwemusha).
Kuwedzera kweparameter
Mamiriro ekugadzirisa kupararira ndeaya anotevera:
uko kutaura kunoumbwa nevanhu vose kusvikira kuenzanirana `` '' 'Any ``}' 'vakapukunyuka nekudzoka shure kana mukati mutsamba yakataurwa, uye mavara akaiswa mukati mekuita arithmetic expansions, kushandiswa kwemirayiridzo, uye kushandurwa kwezvimwe, hazviongororwi mukugadzirisa kufanana ``} ''
Nzira yakanakisisa yeparameter kukura ndeyekuti:
Iyo kukosha, kana iripo, yemuenzaniso inotsiviwa.
Zita remuenzaniso kana chiratidzo zvinogona kuiswa mukati mebrasiti, izvo zvingasarudzwa kunze kwemasimiro emamiriro ezvinhu ane nhamba inopfuura imwe chete kana apo parameter inoteverwa nemunhu anogona kududzirwa sechikamu chezita racho. Kana kuparadzanisa kuwedzerwa kunowanikwa mukati memapato maviri:
- Patiname kuwedzerwa haisi kuitwa pamigumisiro yekuwedzera.
- Kuparadzaniswa kwemunda hakuna kuitwa pamigumisiro yekuwedzera, kunze kwe @ @.
Mukuwedzera, kuwedzera kwepamera kunogona kuchinjwa kuburikidza uchishandisa imwe yemaitiro anotevera.
Shandisa Maitiro Akasiyana. Kana pesarudzo isingatauri kana kusina, kuwedzera kweshoko kunotsiviwa; kana zvisina kudaro, kukosha kweparamende kunotsiviwa.
Sarudza Zvichienderana Nemaonero. Kana parameter isinganetsi kana kusina, kuwedzera kweshoko kunopiwa kudirameter. Muzviitiko zvose, kukosha kwokupedzisira kweparamende kunotsiviwa. Zvimwe zvinhu chete, kwete mitemo yemamiriro ezvinhu kana zvidimbu zvakasiyana, zvinogona kugoverwa nenzira iyi.
Ratidza Chikanganiso kana Kushushikana kana Kusabvisa. Kana parameter isinganzwisisi kana kuti isina, kuwedzera kwemashoko (kana shoko rinoratidza kuti harina kugadzikana kana shoko risina kubviswa) rakanyorerwa kukanganisa kwakakwana uye iyo shell inobva kune imwe yenyika isingaiti. Kana zvisina kudaro, kukosha kweparamende kunotsiviwa. Rimwe ganda rinobatanidza harifaniri kubva.
Shandisa Chimwe Chinokosha. Kana parameter isingatauri kana kusina, hapana chinotsiviwa; zvisinei, kuwedzera kweshoko kunotsiviwa.
Muchidimbu chemasimiriro akaratidzwa kare, kushandiswa kwekoloni mumigumisiro yemigumisiro mumuedzo wepiramu iyo isati yasarudzwa kana isina; kusateerera kwekoloni kunobatsira muedzo wepiramu iyo inongogadziriswa chete.
String Length. Kureba muzvinyorwa zvekukosha kweparamende.
Izvi zvinotevera zvina zvakasiyana-siyana zvepamuenzaniso kuwedzerwa zvinopa kushandiswa kwemashure. Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, muenzaniso wekufananidza zvinyorwa (ona Shell Maitiro), pane kugara uchiratidza kuverenga, inoshandiswa kuongorora maitiro. Kana parameter is * kana kuti,, mugumisiro wekuwedzera hauna kutaurwa. Kuvharidza zvizere parameter kuwedzera kwechigamba muviri-quotes hakuiti kuti zvikamu zvina zvinotevera zvevanhu vemufananidzo zvinongororwa, asi kuverenga mavara mukati me braces kune izvi.
Bvisa Smallest Suffix Pattern. Izwi rinowedzerwa kuti ribudise muenzaniso. Iyo inowedzera kuwedzera inoguma mumiganhu, uye chikamu chiduku chiduku chechikwata chakafananidzirwa nechomufananidzo chakabviswa.
Bvisai Mukurusa Mukurusa. Izwi rinowedzerwa kuti ribudise muenzaniso. Chimiro chekuwedzera chinowedzera muparameter, ine chikamu chikuru chechikwata chakafananidzwa nemufananidzo wacho wabviswa.
Bvisa Smallest Prefix Pattern. Izwi rinowedzerwa kuti ribudise muenzaniso. Chimiro chekuwedzera chinowedzera muparameter, uye chikamu chiduku chiduku chechigadziro chinowirirana nechomufananidzo chakabviswa.
Bvisa Rakakurumbira Prefix Pattern. Izwi rinowedzerwa kuti ribudise muenzaniso. Chimiro chekuwedzera chinowedzera muparameter, ine chikamu chikuru chechifambiro chakakanganiswa nemufananidzo wacho wabviswa.
Raira Mutsara
Raira kushandiswa kunobvumira zvakabuda mumurairo kuti zvitsiviwe panzvimbo yezwi rezwi pacharo. Raira kuchinjwa kunowanikwa apo murairo wakavharwa sezvinotevera:
$ (command)
kana Po `` backquoted '' version Pc:
`murairo`
Iko shell inowedzera mutemo wokugadzirisa kuburikidza nekuraira mutemo munzvimbo yakasvibirira uye kushandura nzvimbo yekuraira mutemo nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemurairo, kubvisa kuenzaniswa kweimwe kana kupfuura
Kuwedzerwa kweArithmetic
Kuwedzera kwechiArithmeti inopa nzira yekuongorora mazwi ekutenda uye kushandura kukosha kwayo. Iko maitiro ekuwedzera kweArithmeti ndeaya:
$ ((kutaura)
Izwi rinoshandiswa sezvinenge riri muviri-quotes, kunze kwekuti kaviri-kudzokorora mukati memashoko hakutarisirwi zvakananga. Iko shell inowedzera dzose zviratidzo mumashoko ekugadzirisa kuparadzanisa, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kubvisa kudhinda.
Zvadaro, shell inobata ichi semashoko ekutenda uye inotsigira kukosha kwemashoko.
White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)
Mushure mekuwedzera kwemasarura, kuraira kushandiswa, uye kuwedzerwa kwechirongwa chikwata chinotsvaga migumisiro yekuwedzera uye kushandiswa kwaisina kuitika mune kaviri-quotes yemunda kuparadzaniswa uye mimwe mizhinji inogona kuguma.
Iko shell inobata chimiro chega cheAFS sechemiter uye shandisa avo vanogadzirisa kuparadzanisa migumisiro yeparameter kukura uye yekuraira kuiswa munzvimbo.
Patiname Kuwedzera (File Name Generation)
Kunze kwekuti f - f f ikarongwa, zita rezita rezita rinoshandiswa mushure mekuparadzaniswa kwemashoko kwapera. Shoko rimwe nerimwe rinotaridzirwa sezvikamu zvakatevedzana zvemaitiro, zvakaparadzana nemakumbo. Nzira yekuwedzera inoshandura shoko nemazita emafaira ose aripo mazita ayo anogona kuumbwa nekutsvaga imwe neimwe purogiramu netsambo inofanana nemuenzaniso wakatarwa. Pane mitsara miviri pane izvi: kutanga, chimiro hachikwanisi kutarisa tambo ine slash, uye yechipiri, chimiro hachikwanisi kufanana netsambo inotanga nenguva kunze kwekuti unhu hwekutanga hwemuenzaniso ndewe nguva. Chikamu chinotevera chinotsanangura maitiro akashandiswa pakuwedzera kwePathname uye iyo (1) murairo.
Shell Patterns
Chimiro chinoumbwa nemafambiro akaenzana, anozvifananidza ivo, uye meta-vanhu. Meta-vanhu vanonzi ``! '' `` * '' ``? '' Uye `` ['' Tsamba idzi dzinorasikirwa nezvinoreva zvakananga kana zvataurwa. Kana mutemo kana kushanduka kushandiswa kunoitwa uye chiratidzo chemadhora kana zvinyorwa zvekare zvisingatauri zvakapetwa, kukosha kwezvakasiyana kana kubuda kwemurairo kunotaridzirwa kune vanhu ava uye vanoshandurwa kuva meta-vanhu.
Ansterisk (`` * '') inobatanidza chero tambo yevanhu. Mubvunzo chiratidzo chinofananidza chero munhu mumwe chete. Rimwe kuruboshwe (`` ['') rinotanga chimiro cheunhu. Kuguma kwehutano hwemhando kunoratidzwa ne (`` `'')) kana` `) '' isipo ipapo` `['' inosangana` `['' pane kuunza chimiro cheunhu. Chimiro chechimiro chinotarisana chero chevamwe vanhu pakati pekwereti mabheji. Mhando yevanhu vanogona kunyatsotsanangurwa vachishandisa chiratidzo chisina kunaka. Chimiro cheboka chinogona kunge chichigadziriswa nekuita chirevo chekutanga chimiro chekutanga chemhando yevanhu.
Kuti uise `` `] '' mumutauro wechimiro, ita kuti uve wekutanga unoratidzwa (shure kwe` `! '' Kana pane). Kuti uise chikwangwani chiduku, ita kuti uve wekutanga kana wekupedzisira unoratidzwa
Builtins
Ichi chikamu chinonyora mazano akavakwa ayo akavakwa nokuti anodikanwa kuita mamwe maitiro asingakwanisi kuitwa nemaitiro akasiyana. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, kune mamwe mimwe miirairo yakawanda inogona kuve yakagadzirwa kuti ibudirire (semuenzaniso 1).
:
A command null iyo inodzorera 0 (yechokwadi) kubuda kwekukosha.
. faira
Iyo mirayiridzo iri mu file yakataurwa inowanikwa uye inopedzwa neiyo shell.
alias [ zita [ = tambo ... ]]
Kana zita = tambo yakatsanangurwa, shell inotsanangura zita rechinyorwa nekoshi yekutengesa Kana zita rakarongedzerwa, kukosha kwezita rezita rakadhindwa. Pasina nharo, maanas rakagadziridzwa mazita nemaitiro ezvose zvinotsanangurwa zvakafanana (ona wereas)
bg [ basa] ...
Ramba uchiita mabasa akataurwa (kana basa razvino kana pasina mabasa anopiwa) kumashure.
command command arg ...
Dzorerai zvakataurwa zvakatemwa. (Izvi zvinobatsira kana iwe une shell inoshanda pamwe chete nezita rakagadzirwa.)
cd [ directory ]
Shandura kune yakarondedzerwa (default $ HOME) Kana kupinda kweCDPATH kuchioneka mumamiriro emurairo weCd kana shanduko yeCDPATH yakasarudzwa uye zita rekutsvaga haritangi ne-slash, ipapo zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa muCDPATH zvichatsvakwa nokuda kweiyo inotsanangurwa. Mhando yeCDPATH yakafanana neyoyo PATH Mukusanganiswa kwekombe, mutemo cd uchadhinda zita rehuwandu hwekuti iyo yakashandurwa kana ichinyatsosiyana nezita iro mupaiti akapa. Izvi zvingave zvakasiyana kana nokuti CDPATH mechanism yakashandiswa kana kuti kuenzanidza kwakabatanidzwa.
eval string ...
Taurai zvose zvinopikisana nezvivako. Zvadaro dzoka zvakare uye rutevedze murairo.
exec [ command arg ... ]
Kunze kwekunge murairo usina kubviswa, hurongwa hunosimbiswa hunochinjwa nehurongwa hwakarongwa (hunofanira kunge huri purogiramu chaiyo, kwete shell builtin kana basa). Chero hupi zvarudzo pamusoro pemirairo yekura inoratidzirwa sekusingaperi, kuitira kuti irege kubviswa apo iyo exec command inoguma.
siya [ exitstatus ]
Dzorerai ganda rekuita. Kana exitstatus inopiwa iyo inoshandiswa semamiriro ekubuda ehangu; kana zvisina kudaro mamiriro ekudzoka emurairo wapfuura anoshandiswa.
export name ...
export -p
Mazita akadaro anotengeswa kuitira kuti aonekwe mumamiriro emirairo inotevera. Nzira chete yekutumira-kutengesa shanduko ndeyokusasunungura. Iyo shell inobvumira kukosha kweshanduko kuiswa panguva imwechete iyo inotumirwa nekunyora
exporter name = value
Pasina nharo iyo mutemo wekutumira inonyora mazita ezvose zvinotengeswa. Ne- p- sarudzo yakatsanangurwa iyo yakabudiswa ichagadziriswa zvakakodzera nokuda kwekusashanda kwekushandisa.
fc [- e editor ] [ wokutanga ]
fc -l [- nr ] [ wokutanga ]
fc -s [ yekare = itsva ] [ yekutanga ]
Iko fc yakanyora mazita, kana kugadzirisa nekudzokororazve, mirairo yakambopinda mugoverana inobatanidza.
-e mhariri
Shandisa mhariri anonzi mhariri kuti agadzire mirairo. Mupepeti chinyorwa ndiro zita rerairo, pasi pekutsvaga kuburikidza nePATH yakasiyana. Kukosha kwekushandiswa kweFCEDIT kunoshandiswa sechinhu chisina kuitika kana- e isati yakataurwa. Kana FCEDIT isina kana kusasarura, kukosha kwechirongwa che EDITOR kunoshandiswa. Kana EDITOR isina kana kusasarura, ed (1) inoshandiswa semupepeti.
-l (ell)
Rondedzera mirairo pane kuisa mhariri pavari. Iyo mirairo yakanyorwa mune zvakaratidzwa zvinoratidzwa nevashandi vekutanga uye vekupedzisira, sekubatwa ne- r nemurairo wega wekutanga wakatarwa nemuwandisi wenhamba.
-n
Dzingai mazita emitemo kana uchitaura ne -l.
-r
Dzorerai kuraira kwemirairo yakanyorwa (ne- l kana yakarongwa (isina- l kana- s)
-s
Dzokorora zvakare murairo usina kuisa mhariri.
chekutanga
last
Sarudza mirairo yekunyora kana kuchinja. Nhamba yemirairo yapfuura inogona kuwanikwa inotariswa nehuwandu hweHISTSIZE yakasiyana . Kukosha kwekutanga kana kwekupedzisira kana zvose zviri zviviri ndezvimwe zvinotevera:
[+] nhamba
Nhamba yakanaka iyo inomiririra nhamba yemirairo; command nhamba inogona kuiswa ne- l sarudzo.
-nhamba
A negative decimal nhamba inomiririra murairo wakaitwa nhamba yemirairo kare. Semuenzaniso, -1 ndiyo iyo pakarepo mutemo wapfuura.
string
Rwonzi runoratidza mutemo wapfuura munguva pfupi yapfuura inotanga neyo tambo. Kana yakare = mushandisirwo mutsva haisati ichitsanangurwa ne - s fomu fomu yekutanga operand haikwanise kuva nechisimbiso chakafanana.
Izvi zvinotevera zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nekuitwa kwe fc:
FCEDIT
Zita remhariri kuti rishandise.
HISTSIZE
Nhamba yemirairo yapfuura inowanikwa.
fg [ basa ]
Tungamira basa rakananga kana basa razvino riri mberi.
getopts optstring var
POSIX inotanga kuraira, kwete kuti irege kuvhiringidzwa neBell Labs- yakawanikwa getopt (1).
Nharo yekutanga inofanira kunge yakanyora tsamba, imwe neimwe iyo inogona kunge ichiteverwa nekoloni kuratidza kuti sarudzo inoda kukakavara. Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinotsanangurwa zvinotsanangurwa kusarudzo yakatsvaga.
Mutemo wekuti getopts unoderedza hutano hwekukura (1) hutano hunoshandiswa nekugadzirisa kwemashoko ane whitespace.
Iveopts builtin inogona kushandiswa kuwana zvingasarudzwa uye nharo dzavo kubva pane urongwa hwemaseri. Kana ichinyorwa, inotora inopa kukosha kwechinhu chinotevera kubva pane sarudzo yechirongwa mumutsetse mune shanduko yegoogle inotsanangurwa ne var uye inotsanangurwa muhomwe yevolandi OPTIND Kana shell inoshandiswa, OPTIND inotanga kusvika ku 1. Pane imwe sarudzo inoda gakava, iyo gotopts builtin ichaiisa muhomwe yakasiyana OPTARG Kana sarudzo isingabvumirwi mu optstring ipapo OPTARG ichagadzirisa.
optstring isetani yekuzivikanwa mavara netsamba. Kana tsamba ikateverwa nekoloni, sarudzo inotarisirwa kuti iite nharo iyo inogona kana kuti irege kuparadzaniswa nayo nemuchena. Kana imwe sarudzo yemufananidzo isingawaniki pane inotarisirwa, getopts ichaisa variable var kusvika ku ``? '' Getopts ichazogadzirisa OPTARG uye inyorera zvakasvibiswa kukanganiso yakakwana. Nokutsanangura imwe koni seyokutanga maitiro ekutadza zvikanganiso zvose zvingaregererwa .
Iko yekodzero yekushandiswa inodzoserwa apo sarudzo yekupedzisira inosvika. Kana pasina maitiro anoramba aripo, getopts ichaisa var pane zvakasarudzwa, `` - 'kana zvisina kudaro, ichaisa var kusvika ``?' '
Icho chikamu chechidimbu chinotevera chinoratidza kuti munhu angashandisa sei nharo dzemurairo unogona kutora zvasarudzwa [a] uye [b] uye chisarudzo [c] chinoda kukakavara.
apo getopts abc: f
ita
case $ f in
a | b) mureza = $ f ;;
c) carg = $ OPTARG ;;
\?) echo $ USAGE; exit 1 ;;
esac
zvakaitwa
shandura 'expr $ OPTIND - 1`
Iyi code ichagamuchira chero ipi zvayo inotevera:
cmd -acarg file file
cmd -a -c arg file file
cmd -carg -a file file
cmd -a -carg - file file
hash -rv command ...
Iko shell inoshandisa tafura ye hash inoyeuka nzvimbo dzemirairo. Pasina nharo chero ipi zvayo, murairo wehah unoburitsa zviri mukati metafura iyi. Nheyo dzisina kutariswa kubva kubva kunekupedzisira cd murairo dzinoratidzwa ne asterisk; zvinokwanisika kuti izvi zvinyorwa zvive zvisina kukodzera.
Nekukakavadzana, murairo wehayusi unobvisa mitemo yakatarwa kubva patafura ye hash (kunze kwekuti inoshanda) uye inovawana. Ne- v vosarudza, hash inonyora nzvimbo yemirairo sezvainozviwana. Iko-s inokonzera chirevo chehah kuti chibvise zvose zvinyorwa mutafura ye hash kunze kwemabasa.
jobid [ basa ]
Shingairira maitiro ekutora kwemaitiro mukati memabasa. Kana basa racho risina kubviswa, basa redu rinoshandiswa.
jobs
Uyu murairo unoratidzira maitiro ose emitambo ayo ari vana veiyo ikozvino maitiro.
Dhinda purogiramu yemazuva ano. Mutemo wakavakwa unogona kusiyana kubva purogiramu yezita rimwe chete nokuti murairo wakagadzirwa unorangarira izvo zvinyorwa zvezvino zviripo panzvimbo yekuzvidzorera nguva imwe neimwe. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikurumidze. Zvisinei, kana iyo manyore ikozvino yakatumidzwa zvakare, iyo yakavakirwa shanduro yepwd icharamba ichinyora zita rekare renhoroondo .
verenga [- p nokukurumidza ] [- r ] kushanduka ...
Inokurudzirwa inodhindwa kana - -p chisarudzo ichijekeswa uye inowanikwa inowanikwa ichitubu. Zvadaro mutsetse unowanikwa kubva pane zvaunenge uchiita. Rutsva rutsva rutsva rinobviswa kubva mumutsara uye mutsara unopatsanurwa sezvinotsanangurwa muchikamu chemashoko kuparadzaniswa kumusoro, uye zvidimbu zvakagoverwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvimwe zvinongodaro zvinokonzera zvinofanira kutsanangurwa. Kana pane zvimwe zvidimbu kupfuura zvigadziriswa, zvikamu zvakasara (pamwe chete nemafambi ari muIFS akazviparadzanisa) zvakagoverwa kuchinjwa chekupedzisira. Kana pane zvimwe zvinoshandiswa kupfuura zvidimbu, zvigadziri zvasara zvinopiwa nhamba yeN null. Iyo yakaverengwa yakavakwa icharatidza kubudirira kunze kwekuti EOF inosangana nezvayo, iyo iyo kukanganisa kunodzorerwa.
Nokusingaperi, kunze kwekuti -sarudzo yave yakataurwa, backslash `` \ '' inoita sehupenyu hunopukunyuka, zvichiita kuti unhu hunotevera hurapwe sezvazviri. Kana kudzokera shure kunoteverwa nelineline, kudzokera shure uye itsvaline ichabviswa.
readonly name ...
readonly -p
Mazita akataurwa anonyorwa seanoverengwa chete, kuitira kuti asakwanisa kuchinjwa kana kusasarudzwa. Iko shell inobvumira kukosha kwechigadziriswa kuiswa panguva imwechete iyo inoratidzwa ichiverengwa chete nekunyora
readonly zita = kukosha
Pasina nharo iyo murairo wekuverengera unonyora mazita evose verenga zvinongororwa chete. Ne- p- sarudzo yakatsanangurwa iyo yakabudiswa ichagadziriswa zvakakodzera nokuda kwekusashanda kwekushandisa.
chengetedza [{- zvisarudzo | + sarudzo | - arg ... ]
Mutemo wakatarwa unoita mabasa matatu akasiyana.
Pasina nharo, inonyora maitiro ezvose shell variables.
Kana zvingasarudzwa zvichitorwa, zvinogadzirisa sarudzo dzinotsanangurwa, kana kuvanatsa sezvinotsanangurwa muchikamu chinonzi Sx Argument List Processing.
Kushandiswa kwechitatu kwemirairo yakagadzirirwa ndiko kugadzirisa maitiro emarongerwo epoo e-shell pane aya anonzi args. Kuti uchinje mitemo yemamiriro ezvinhu usingashanduri chero zvingasarudzwa, shandisa `` - '' sepokutanga kugadzirisa. Kana pasina args aripo, mutemo wakagadzirirwa uchabvisa zvose zvigadzirisiti zvayo (zvakaenzana nekuita `` shandura $ #. ''
variable value
Inopa kukosha kune zvinowanikwa. (Kazhinji zviri nani kunyora kuchinjwa = kukosha panzvimbo yekushandisa setvar setvar inoshandiswa kushandiswa mumabasa anopa maitiro kune mamwe mazita ane mazita akaiswa semiganhu.)
shandura [ n ]
Shift mamiriro ezvinhu epo nguva. Kushandura kunotarisa kukosha kwe $ 1 kusvika ku $ 2 kukosha kwe $ 2 kusvika ku $ 3 nekudaro, kuderedza kukosha kwe $ # nemumwe. Kana n yakakura kudarika nhamba yemiganhu yemamiriro ezvinhu, kuchinja kuchabudisa mhosho yemashoko, uye kubva nemamiriro ekudzoka 2.
nguva
Dhinda iyo yakagadzirwa user and system times for shell uye nokuda kwezvinhu zvinomhanya kubva ku shell. Mamiriro ekudzoka ari 0.
trap action signal ...
Itai kuti shell iparidze uye iite chiito apo chero ipi zvayo inogadziriswa inogamuchirwa. Zviratidzo zvinotsanangurwa nenhamba yechiratidzo. Kana chiratidzo chiri 0 chiito chinoitwa apo shell inobva. chiito chingave chisina kana `` - '' chekare chinokonzera chiratidzo chakataurwa chisingaregereri uye zvechipiri chinoita kuti chiito chisingaiti chinyatsotorwa. Apo iyo shell inobvisa chikamu, inogadzirisa zvakaputika (asi kwete kuregererwa) zviratidzo kune chinenge chisipo. Mutezo murairo haubatsiri pane zviratidzo zvisingateereri pakupinda muhombodo.
chimiro [ zita ... ]
Rondedzera zita rimwe nerimwe semurairo uye nyora kusarudzwa kwerairo yekutsvaga. Zvimwe zvinosarudzwa ndezvi: shell keyword, alias, shell builtin , murairo, akachengetedzeka uye haana kuwanikwa. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwakadhindwa; pamitemo uye muzvikamu zvinotevedzwa nzira yakakwana yemurairo inodhindwa.
[- H-S ] [- a-tfdscmlpn [ value ]]
Tsvaga pamusoro kana kuisa miganhu yakaoma kana inonyorera pane zvayo kana kuisa miganhu mitsva. Kusarudzwa pakati pemiganhu yakaoma (iyo isina nzira inobvumirwa kuputsa, uye iyo isingasimudzi kana yakaderedzwa) uye zvishoma zvishoma (izvo zvinoita kuti zvirongwa zvifananidzwe asi kwete kuurayiwa, uye izvo zvinogona kusimudzwa) zvinoitwa ne aya mareza:
-H
tarisa kana kubvunza pamusoro pemiganhu yakaoma
-S
tarisa kana kubvunzisisa pamusoro pemiganhu inonyorera. Kana kana - H uye- S isati yasarudzwa, rutivi rwakarereka runoratidzwa kana kuti zvose zvinogumira zvinogadzirirwa. Kana zvose zviri pachena, wekupedzisira anokunda.
Muganhu wekubvunzurudzwa kana kuiswa, zvino, unosarudzwa nekuratidza chero imwe yemapuranga aya:
-a
kuratidzira mitsara yose yemazuva ano
-t
kuratidza kana kuisa muganhu pa CPU nguva (mumasekondi)
-f
kuratidza kana kuisa muganhu pane faira huru iyo inogona kusikwa (muna 512-byte blocks)
-d
kuratidza kana kuisa muganhu pamusana wekukura kwemaitiro ekugadzira (mu kilobytes)
-s
kuratidza kana kuisa muganhu pahuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuita (mu kilobytes)
-c
kuratidza kana kugadzirisa muganhu pamusana wehukuru hwekukura kwehukuru hunogona kubudiswa (mu 512-byte blocks)
-m
kuratidza kana kuisa muganhu pane chiyeuchidzo chezvinhu zvose chinogona kushandiswa nenzira (mu kilobytes)
-l
kuratidza kana kuisa muganhu wekuti inguva yakawanda sei yekuyeuka kunogona kuvhara mlock (2) (mu kilobytes )
-p
kuratidza kana kuisa muganhu pamusoro pehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa nemushandisi panguva imwechete
-n
kuratidza kana kuisa muganhu pane faira mafaira nzira inogona kuvhura kamwechete
Kana pasina imwe yeiyi ichinyatsotsanangurwa, iyo muganhu wefaira yefaira inoratidzwa kana kuiswa. Kana kukosha kuri kutaurwa, muganhu wakatarwa kuhamba iyoyo; kana zvisina kudaro iyo yemazuva ino inoratidzwa.
Zviyero zvekugadzirisa zvinogona kuenzanisirwa kana kushandiswa uchishandisa sysctl (8) shanduro.
umask [ mask ]
Ita kukosha kwemask (ona umask (2)) kune yakataurwa yeictal kukosha. Kana nharo yacho isingabvumirwi, kukosha kwemuask kunodhindwa.
wasas [- a ] [ zita ]
Kana zita rakataurwa, shell inobvisa izvozvi. Kana - a inotsanangurwa, zvinyorwa zvose zvinobviswa.
uned name ...
Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvakasiyana nemabasa hazvina kukwana uye hazvina kutorwa. Kana zita rakapiwa rinoenderana nezvose zvinoshandiswa uye zvinoshanda, zvose zvinoshandiswa uye basa racho haritauri.
wait [ job ]
Chimirira basa rakarongedzerwa kugumisa uye kudzorera mamiriro ekudzoka kwekupedzisira kwebasa mubasa. Kana nharo yacho isingabvumirwi, tarisira kuti mabasa ose apedze uye kudzoka kwekubuda kwezviri zero.
Rayira Mharidzo Yokugadzira
Apo sh iri kushandiswa mukati-kati kubva kune chigadziko, murairo wezvino uye nemuamambo wemu (ona fc muSx Builtins) inogona kugadziridzwa uchishandisa vi-mode mutemo-mharidzo yekugadzirisa. Izvi zvinoshandisa mirairo, inotsanangurwa pasi apa, yakafanana nekacheka yevaya vanotsanangurwa muji yevanhu veji. Mutemo "set" -o inobatsira vi-mode kuronga uye inzvimbo sh mukati kana kuisa mode. Ne vi-mode yakashandiswa, sh inogona kushandiswa pakati pekaisa mode nemirairo yemirairo. Mharidzi haisi kurondedzerwa zvizere pano, asi ichava mune imwe gwaro. Zvakafanana ne vi: kuverenga Aq ESC kuchakukanda mumirairo VI command mode. Kurova Aq kudzoka panguva yekurayira mode ichapfuura muganhu kuenda kune shell.
Zvinonyanya kukosha: Shandisa mutemo wevanhu ( % munhu ) kuti uone kuti murairo unoshandiswa sei pane imwe kombiyuta.